Term
| What is the etiology behind polioencephalomalacia (PEM)? |
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Definition
-thiamine deficiency
-high dietary sulfur/sulfates |
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Term
| Describe how thiamine deficiency leads to PEM? |
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Definition
-inc bacterial thiaminases: high carb diet
-dec levels in diet of nursing calves
-competitive antagonist: Amprolium |
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Term
| How do animals get high dietary sulfer leading to PEM? |
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Definition
-feed additive: gypsum, molasse
-feed/plants: corn gluten, ethanol byprdts, turnips, brassica |
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Term
| Describe the pathophys of how thiamine deficiency induced PEM? |
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Definition
=cofactor for transketolase: rate limiting for formation of ATP
-dec activity of ATP-dep Na/K pump
-water follows Na into cells = pressure necrosis in grey matter |
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Term
| Describe the pathophys of how sulfer induced PEM. |
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Definition
| -rumen flora converts it to toxic sulfide ion => eructed as H2S & is absorbed in rumen => dec thiamine pdn in rumen |
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Term
| What animals are most commonly affectd by PEM? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are our CS of PEM w/ thiamine deficiency? |
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Definition
-cortical blindness
-dorsomedial strabismus
-opisthotonos/seizures
-ataxia, CP deficits, extensor rigidity, muscle fasciculations, head pressing, recumbency, death |
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Term
| How do we diagnose PEM AM w/ thiamine deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we diagnose PEM AM w/ sulfur toxicity? |
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Definition
-CS
-test sulfur content (water > 1000 ppm & feed > 4000ppm)
-rumen gas cap [H2S] > 1000 ppm
-response to tx:thiamine |
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Term
| How do we diagnose PEM PM? |
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Definition
-cortical swelling
-fluorescence of cerebral cortex under UV light |
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Term
|
Definition
-Thiamine
-Vit B cplx
-transfaunation
-good quality hay/water
-control brain edema & seizures
-IV fluids |
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Term
| What are our tx expectations w/ PEM? What would to response indicate? |
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Definition
-significant improvements w/in 12-48h
-if no response: wrong diagnosis, brain is too necrotic |
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Term
| How do we work to prevent PEM? |
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Definition
-calculation of total sulfur intake
-alternate feed or adjust grazing managemet
-slow adaptation to high E diet
-thiamine supplementation or Brewer yeast |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of PEM? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the etiology behind water deprivation? |
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Definition
| -overload of salt or lack of water intake |
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Term
| What are the CS of water deprivation of rums? |
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Definition
-ataxia, depression
-cortical blindness, aggressiveness
-mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
-hemoglobinuria
-recumbency, death |
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Term
| what are the CS of water deprivation in pigs? |
|
Definition
-sit & spin
-depression
-cortical blindness
-death |
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Term
| How do we dx salt toxicity? |
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Definition
-hx
-neuro signs + hemoglobinura
-CSF:serum [Na+] ratio > 1
-PM: cerebral edema
-test water for Na levels |
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Term
| How do we treat water deprivation? |
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Definition
-slow removal of Na from CSF & CNS
-brain edema: mannitol
-adjunct therapy: thiamine |
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Term
| How do we work to control water deprivation? |
|
Definition
-access to water!!
-test water & feed for Na lvls |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of water deprivation? |
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Definition
-grave to good
-severely affected animals will die |
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Term
| What causes hyperglycemic hypernatremic hyperosmolar sydnrome? |
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Definition
-secondary to stress & dec water itnake
-poor insulin response to hyperglycemia |
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Term
| What are the CS of hyperglycemic hypernatremic hyperosmolar syndrome? |
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Definition
-fine head tremors
-ataxia
-base-wide stance |
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Term
| HOw do we diagnose hyperglycemic hypernatremic hyperosmolar syndrome? |
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Definition
-inc serum or CSF [a]
-inc plasma osmolality
-hyperglycemia
-glucosuria |
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Term
| How do we treat hyperglycemic hypernatremic hyperosmolar syndrome? |
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Definition
-insulin
-isotonic or hypotonic IV fluids
-get hyperglycemia under control first |
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Term
| What is the etiology of hypomagnesema? |
|
Definition
-dec dietary uptake
-dec Mg absorption by reticulorumen epi |
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Term
| Describe the pathophys behind lead toxicity. |
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Definition
-absorbed through GI tract => bind irreversibly to RBC protein => inc use of Fe & synth of heme => dec O2 carrying capacity & inc fragility of RBC
-depositedin bone > liver/kidneys |
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Term
| What is the most common form of lead toxicity? |
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Definition
| -encephalopathy: CNS capillary endo affected |
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Term
| What are the acute CS of encephalopathy due to lead toxicity? |
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Definition
-staggering, ataxia, hyperesthesia
-cortical blindness
-muscle twitching: face
-aggression, convulsion, opisthotonos
-death |
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Term
| What are the subacute to chornic CS of encephalopathy due to lead toxicity? |
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Definition
-ataxia, cortical blindness
-muscle fasciculations
-anorexia, rumen atony
-fetid diarrhea |
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Term
| HOw do we dx lead toxicity on AM? |
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Definition
-blood smear: basophilic stippling & nRBCS
-lead levels in blood/liver |
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Term
| How do we treat lead toxicity? |
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Definition
-remove src
-thiamine
-chelation
-control |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of lead toxicity? |
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Definition
| -fair if treated early & agressively |
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Term
| What is toxic w/ locoweed intoxication? |
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Definition
| -Swaisonine: induced lysosomal storage dz |
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Term
| What are the CS of locoweed intoxication? |
|
Definition
-neuro
-abortion
-arhtrogyposis |
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Term
| What causes Dallis Grass STaggers? |
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Definition
| -infected w/ Claviceps paspali |
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Term
| What are the CS of Dallis GRass Staggers? |
|
Definition
-fine muscular fasciculations, head tremors
-spastic, hypermetric gait, falling |
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Term
| How do we dx Dallis Grass Staggers? |
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Definition
-fungus on grass
-thin-layer chromatography |
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Term
| What is the common name for delayed OP neurotoxicosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pathophys behind delayed OP neurotoxicosis? |
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Definition
| -bind irreversibly to AChE |
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