Term
| What are some of the common causes of abdominal distension w/ visceral pain in cattle? |
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Definition
-intussusception
-mesenteric volvulus
-hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
-scrotal hernia
-ligamentous entrapement/adhesions
-cecocolic volvulus
-mesenteric fat necrosis
-atresia coli |
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Term
| What is the most common SI obstruction in cattle? Which cattle are most commonly affected? |
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Definition
-intussusception
-recognized more in adult: more in young in smaller animals |
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Term
| What is the most common location of intussusception in cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are common etiologies behind intussusception in adult cattle? |
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Definition
-granuloma
-lymphoid hyperplasia
-neoplasia |
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Term
| What are common etiologies behind intussusception in young cattle? |
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Definition
-abnormal motility
-parasitic lesions |
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Term
| Describe the pathophysiology behind an intussusception in cattle. |
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Definition
-intussusceptum => obstruct: usually complete obstruction, ileus & reflux => metabolic
-mesenteric entrapment: source of pain, vascular compromise
-necrosis => pain subsides: sepsis/peritonitis/adhesion |
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Term
| What is the typical hx of bovine intusscusception? |
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Definition
-abdominal pain: moderate early/subsides, transient & often missed
-absence of feces
-complete anorexia
-abdominal distension: bilaterally symmetrical
-subacute: survive 7-10 d |
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Term
| What are the typical clinical findings of vattle intussusception? |
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Definition
-sick!!!
-depressed
-inc HR/RR
-dehydrations
-abdominal distension: pear
-pyrexia: inconsistent
-succussion/percussion |
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Term
| Desribe the results of rectal exam w/ cattle intussuscpetion? |
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Definition
-no feces!! early = just mucus & later = blackberry jam stools
-distended SI: feels like a sausage
-tight mesenteric bands
-firm coiled mass +/- adhesions
-may palpate no abnormalities: early or proximal, late pregnancy |
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Term
| What are our major differentials for FA intussusception? What about their presentations make them not applicable? |
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Definition
-mesenteric volvulus: quicker, some stool, no blood, not as dehydrated
-hemorrhagic bowel syndrome: quicker, more blood in stools (clots), more stool
-acute severe enteritis w/ ileus: quicker, diarrhea by 24h, febrile, toxic
-intestinal incarceration: no blood, less mucus, +/- stool, +/- febrile
-fat necrosis: slower, hard mass, no blood, some stool, not febrile |
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Term
| What is the typical history for cattle intussusception? |
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Definition
-absence of feces > 24h
-transient colic
-BV abdominal distention
-subacute course |
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Term
| What do we see on clinpath with bovine intussusception? |
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Definition
-hypochloremia
-alkalosis
-hyperglycemia
-inflammatory leukogram |
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Term
| What is the typical presentation with bovine intussusception? |
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Definition
-guarded 50% if caught early
-33% if caught late |
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Term
| What do we do pre-op with bovine intussusception? |
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Definition
-large voumes of IV fluids
-bs abx
-NSAID
-decompress the rumen |
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Term
| What are our options for right flank celiotomy for intussusception? |
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Definition
-standing: oftengo down , torbugesic, lidocaine on mesentery
-left lateral recumbency: preferred, general anesthesia |
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Term
| What considerations must we consider for left lateral celiotomy? |
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Definition
-decompress
-extra padding to make a trough for rumen
-nose ventral to pharynx |
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Term
| Why is resection & anastomosis more challenging in the bovine? |
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Definition
-short mesentery: difficult to exteriorize the SI
-fat-filled mesentery: difficult to see vessels
-no serosa at mesentery: offset when suturing |
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Term
| What do we do post-op w/ bovine intussusception? |
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Definition
-fluids: IV initially then PO
-ileus prevention/tx: CRI lidocaine, transfaunation, eat
-abx for 5-7d: eryhtromycin/talathromycin
-expect feces w/in 6-12h: dark/bloody diarrhea at 1st, back to near normal in 36-48h |
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Term
| What are some other names for hemorrhagic bowel syndrome? |
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Definition
-jejunal hemorrhage syndrome
-hemorrhagic enteritis
-bloody gut |
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Term
| Describe the epidemiology of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. |
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Definition
-acute highly fatal segmental hemorrhagic enteritis
-inc incidence: problem herds
-dairy cattle >> beef cattle |
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Term
| What happens w/ hemorrhagic bowel sydnrome? |
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Definition
| -blood in gut that clots and obstructs it |
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Term
| What is the proposed etiology of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome? |
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Definition
-peractue
-may be found dead
-dramatic drop in milkd pdn & appetite
-depression
+/- colic
+/- blood CLOTS in feces
-shocky
-normal to dec temp
-tachycardia
-GI hypototility
-bilateral ventral SI distension
-bloody feces to clots
-multiple pings & splash right side |
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Term
| What are our major differentials for HBS and what makes them different? |
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Definition
-intussusception: febrile, no stool, mucus, slow
-acute salmonellosis: febrile, more diarrhea, fibrin, putrid odor
-type II BVD: febrile, more diarrhea, ulcers, multiple animals affected
-winter dysentery: more diarrhea, multiple animals affected, low fatality
-mesenteric volvulus: no blood in stool, massive intestinal distension
-bleeding abomasal ulcer: black more than red feces, no distended SI |
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Term
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Definition
-blood clots in lumen can feel like intussuscepion
-see clots on U/S |
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Term
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Definition
| -backhoe really b/c very poor prognosis b/c shocky and usually multiple clots at once |
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Term
| How can we medically treat HBS? |
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Definition
-fluids
-abx
-NSAIDS/Steroids
-C& D antitoxin
-mineral oil
-AC
-sx |
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Term
| How do we surgically treat HBS? |
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Definition
-massagle clots free
-enterotomy: remove clot
-resection & anastomosis
-intraluminal abx |
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Term
| How do we control HBS? (not on test) |
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Definition
-dietary management:
-inc forage and forage NDF
-dec soluble carb intake (min 40%)
-eliminate poorly fermented high grain corn silage
-limit feeding of haylege (especially lesser quality or contaminated w/ soil/clostridia)
-cow comfort/bunk issues: reduce binge feeding
-minimize sorting of TMR |
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Term
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Definition
-Clostridial vx
-autogenous bacterins
-omnigen AF: feed additive that suppresses growth of Aspergillus |
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Term
| At which two sites does mesenteric volvulus usually occur in cattle? |
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Definition
-root of mesentery
-jejunal flange |
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Term
| Describe the severity of mesenteric volvulus. HOw common? |
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Definition
-most painful GI obstruction *=&rapid deterioration
-sporadic and uncommon |
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Term
| Describe mesenteric root volvulus presentation. |
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Definition
-peraute course: recumbent in 12-24h
-severe itnractable pain: visceral/colic pain
-abdominal distention: bilateral ventral becomes all over |
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Term
| Describe jejunal flange volvulus presentation. |
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Definition
-acute course
-more gradual than root volvlus
-more acute than intussusception |
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Term
| What is the typical hx of mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
| -very acute and constant severe colic |
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Term
| What do we feel on rectal w/ mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
-massive SI distension
-tight mesenteric bands midabdomen
-scant/absent feces/usually no blood
-sometimes feel twist |
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Term
| What do we see on clinpath w/ mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
-metabolic acidosis common w/ duration
-can have normal electrolyes |
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Term
| How do we treat mesenteric volulus on the caviat that we caught it early |
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Definition
-decompress rumen
-fluids, abx, NSAID before sx
-immediate surgery: start medical therapy but don't wait for fluids to go in |
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Term
| What are our options for sx of mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
-right flank celiotomy: standing best
-ID site & direction of twist
-manual reduction is difficult
-may collapse after correction due to acute absorption of toxins |
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Term
| What is prognosis of mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
-<50% survive if caught early
-short term = long term survival |
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Term
| What are some other causes of SI incarceration in cattle? |
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Definition
-scrotal hernia: not usually obstructive
-umbilical vein remnant
-urachal remnant
-urachal remnant
-ductus deferens remnant: called gut tie
-mesenteric tears/adhesions |
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Term
| Are cecocolic volvuli less or more common than mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cattle are most commonly affected by cecocolic volvulus? When do they occur? |
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Definition
-adult dairy cows
-about 50% in 1st month of PP |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-high grain diet: CHO to cecum
-VFAs inh cecocolic motility
-lots of gas = cecal dilatation
-volvulus is a sporadic event |
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Term
| What are our clinical findings w/ cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-acute course: complete anorexia, severe hypoglycemia, mod abdominal pain
-distension in right PLF
-ping in paralumbar fossa w/ fluid splash
-scant'absent feces |
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Term
| What do we feel on rectal w/ cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-body of cecum palpable: fluid & gass filled, very turgid
-often feel distended colon
-distended SI
-scant to absent feces on glove |
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Term
| MEMORIZE CHART ON SLIDE 45 |
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Definition
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Term
| Prognosis of cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-very good if caught early
-80% recover fully |
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Term
| What do we do pre-op for cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we perform surgery to fix cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-standing right flank
-exteriorize apex & decompress
-typhlotomy & drain
=correct the volvulus |
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Term
| What is the rate of recurrence of cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we see post-op with surgical correction of cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-diarrhea w/in hrs of sx but corrects w/in 36-48h
-if no stool still for 12h re-explore |
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