Term
| What is the typical cause of ADR w/ parietal pain? Etiolgoies? |
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Definition
-peritonitis
-most common = hardware
-peritonitis others: abom ulcers, liver abscesses, urogen perfor, rectal perf |
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Term
| What is the doctor word for Hardware Dz? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ruminants are most commonly affected by hardware dz? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do FBs usually come from w/ bovine hardware dz? |
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Definition
-processed feeds: baled hay, silage
-hazard grazing: barns, fences, junk pile
-metallic >> non-metaliz |
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Term
| Which cattle are most commonly affected by hardware dz? |
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Definition
-adults > 2y
-dairy >> beef |
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Term
| WHy are adult cattle more commonly affected by hardware dz? |
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Definition
-aggressive eaters as adults
-inc exposure w/ age
-feeding practices |
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Term
| How common is hardware dz? |
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Definition
-very common condition
-70% of dairy cows at slaughter |
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Term
| Describe the pathopysiology behind hardware dz. |
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Definition
-ingestion of FB: lodge in honeycobms => contractions lead to perforation leads to peritonitis
-small linear objects migrate |
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Term
| What is the typical outcome of hardware dz? |
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Definition
-typically acute localized peritonitis (cranioventral)
-sometimes chronic localized peritonitis
-sometimes perireticular abscessation: can occlude omasal-abomasal canal = secondary frothy bloat
- sometimes causes vagal neuritis = indigestion
-sometimes pericarditis, liver/splenic abscessation, etc |
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Term
| The typical result of hardware dz is an acute local peritonitis. Clinical presentation? |
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Definition
-acute/abrupt onset
-complete anorexia
-dec milk pdn
-absent ruminations
-moderate pyrexia & tachycardia
evidence of abdominal pain |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs assoc w/ abdominal pain due to hardware dz? |
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Definition
-arhced posture
-audible grunt w/ resp
-short, stilted gait
-abducted albows
-extended head and heck
-bruxism
-reluctant to stand/walk |
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Term
| What is the typical clinical course of hardware dz? |
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Definition
-pain only for few days & return to normal 3-5d
-slow/gradual recovery
-nonspecific signs subacutely |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of chronic peritonitis due to hardware dz? |
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Definition
-temp about normal
-persistent hypophagia
-poor rpduction
-ADr
-significant wt loss
-scant feces: dry or oose |
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Term
| How common is diffuse peritonitis due to hardware dz in cattle? Describe it. |
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Definition
-uncommon
-acute & highly fatal w/in 24-36h
-septic shock
+/- crepitance on rectal exam |
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Term
| How common is pericarditis due to hardware dz in cattle? Prognosis? What causes the cliical sings? |
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Definition
-uncommon (<10%)
-poor prognosis
-CS due to pain/peritonitis/toxemia & CHF |
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Term
| What clinic signs do we see due to CHF w/ hardware dz? |
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Definition
-persistent tachycardia
-venous distension
-pitting edema in brisket |
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Term
| What do we find on auscultation w/ CHF due to hardware dz? |
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Definition
-pericardial friction rub: balloons
-muffled heart sounds
-pericardial splash |
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Term
| How common are hepatic and/or splenic abscesses w/ hardware dz? Dx? |
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Definition
-rare
-fever, severe leukocytosis w/ spleen, diffuse perittonitis
-dx w/ U/S |
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Term
| HOw can PCV/TP help w/ chronic hardware dz? |
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Definition
-hyperprotenemia (usually high globulin)
-hypoproteinemia if diffuse
-anemia of chronic dz ` |
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Term
| What do we see on bloodwork that suggests inflammation w/ hardware dz? |
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Definition
-fibrinogen
-A:G: elevated IgG |
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Term
| What do we see on leukogram w/ hardware dz? |
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Definition
-mild matre neutrophilia: transient
-pericarditis: mod-severe neutrophilia that sticks around
-diffuse peitonitis: leukopenia w/ deg left shift |
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Term
| Why do we not commonly perform abdominocentesis in cattle? |
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Definition
-they wall stuff off
-difficult to obtain fluid
-expensive |
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Term
| Why do we not commonly perform rads on cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are our major differentials for hardware dz? |
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Definition
-abomasal ulcers
-liver abscesses
-urogenital perforations |
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Term
| How do we medically treat hardware dz? |
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Definition
-reticular magnet
-strict cnfinement
-abx
-elecation of forequarters |
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Term
| What are the abx we use to treat hardware dz? |
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Definition
-oxytet, PPG
-ceftiofur, florfenicol |
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Term
| What are our surgical options for treating hardware dz? |
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Definition
-left-sided exploratory: cheaper cow fix or just dx
-rumenotomy: expensive |
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Term
| How do we treat pericarditis resulting from hardware dz? |
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Definition
-salvage procedure: usually short-term
-pericardial drainage/lavage: chest trocar
-fifth rib resectoin
-abx |
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Term
| How do we prevent hardware dz? |
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Definition
-reticular magnets
-magnets on equipment
-farm cleanliness |
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Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by abomasal ulcers? |
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Definition
| -intensely reared cattle: veal calves,feedlot cattle, dairy cattle |
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Term
| What are the protective mechanisms against abomasal ulcers? |
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Definition
-mucus, bicarb, PGE
-local blood flow and oxygen |
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Term
| What are the ulcerogenic mechs for abomasal ulcers? |
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Definition
-mucosal hypoxia: stress, DA
-hyperacidity: anorexia
-abrasion: hair, straw |
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Term
| Describe the frequency of abomasal ulcers in cattle. |
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Definition
-veal calves > 90% erosions
-dairy: 6%
-feedlots: 3% |
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Term
| What are the predisposing factors for abomasal ulcers? |
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Definition
-high grain diet: dairy/feedlot
-straw bedding
-stress |
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Term
| True or False: In general, bleeding ulcers don't perforate an perforating ulcers don't bleed. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a type I abomasal ulcer? |
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Definition
-non-perforating
-mild lumenal hemorrhage
-focal thickening of the wall
-mold focal serositis
-mostly subclinical |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of a type I abomasal ulcer? |
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Definition
-subclinical to mild signs
-dec motility
-partial anorexia
-spontaneous recovery
-dx'd as indigestion |
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Term
| What is a Type II abomasal ulcer? |
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Definition
-non-perforating
-erosion of major vessel
-intraluminal hemorrhage: melena 7-18 hr later, hemorrhagic anemia
-clinical: may be rapidly fatal! |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of type II abomasal ulcers? |
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Definition
-abrupt onset of signs
-total anorexia
-rumen stasis
-inc HR?RR
-pale mems
-black tarry feces |
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Term
| What is a Type III abomasal ulcer? |
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Definition
-perforating: efficient rapid localization
-adhesion formation
-focal contained peritonitis
-similar TRP as hardware |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Type III abomasal ulcer? |
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Definition
-mldy febrile
-abrupt drop in appetite/mik
-rumen hypomotility becoming atony
-localized abdominal pain
-Bruxism
-scant loose stool
-signs abate e/in few days |
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Term
| What is a Type IV abomasal ulcer? |
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Definition
-perforating: large area w/ poor localization
-diffuse peritonitis
-fulminate course
-highly fatal |
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Term
| What are the cliical signs of a type IV abomasal ulcer? |
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Definition
-abrupt drop in appetite/milk
-fever => hypothermia
-rumen stasis/ileus
-tachycardia, CV collapse
-crepitance on rectal exam
-recumbency w/ expiratory grunt
-fulminate course: 24-36h |
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Term
| How does lymphoma relate to abomasal ulcers? Other signs suggesting this? |
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Definition
-common cause of type II ulcers
-CS: enlarged LN, heart failure, uterine/renal/spinal lesiosn |
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Term
| How do we dx abomasal uclers? |
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Definition
-cranial abdominal pain
-fecal occult blood positive
-hematocrit/TP
-exploratory celiotomy |
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Term
| How do we tx abomasal ulcers? |
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Definition
-correct diet problems: long stem hay, no grain
-tx concurrent dz
-alleviate stressors
-specific therapeutics |
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Term
| What are more specific therapies for abomasal ulcers? |
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Definition
-BS abx
-antacids
-oral or IV PPI
-restricted exercise
-blood transfusion
-sx |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of the different types of abomasal ulcers? |
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Definition
-Type I: good
-Type II: poor
-Type III: fair
-Type IV: grave |
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