Term
| What are some common etiologies behind facial masses in cows? |
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Definition
-lumpy jaw
-abscessed tooth
-mandibular fracture callus
-wooden tongue
-lymphadenopathy
-neoplasia
-cellulitis: puncture, snakebite
-edema (bottle jaw) |
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Term
| Which etiologies behind bovine facial masses causes bone? |
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Definition
-lumpy jaw
-abscessed tooth
-mandibular fracture callus |
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Term
| Which etiologies behind bovine facial masses that are focal/multifocal soft tissue? |
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Definition
-Wooden tongue
-lymphadenopathy
-neoplasia |
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Term
| Which etiologies behind bovine facial masses that are diffuse soft tissue? |
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Definition
-cellulitis: puncture, snakebite
-edema: bottle jaw |
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Term
| What is the etiology of Lumpy Jaw? Affected species? |
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Definition
-Actinomyces bovis
-cattle >> sheep and pis (mastitis) |
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Term
| What usually leads to Lumpy Jaw? |
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Definition
-oral abrasion allows entry
-ex: coarse feed, loss of deciduous teeth, oral FB/trauma
-necrosis => anaerobiasis
-periodontitis/periostitis
-osteomyelitis: mandible >> maxila
-lesions develop slowly
-cycle of drain, heal, drain |
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Term
| What clinical findings do we see w/ Lumpy Jaw in cattle? |
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Definition
-hard mass immovable
-+/- draining tracts: yellow nonodorous pus w/ sand-liek sulfur granules
-dysphagia/dropping cuds
-anorexia, wt loss
-no lymph node involvement |
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Term
| How do we diagnose lumpy jaw? |
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Definition
-gram stain exudate: filamentous gram +
-usually dx off of PE |
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Term
| How do we treat lumpy jaw in cattle? |
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Definition
-salvage is often best choice
-goal = stop progression (difficult to cure & recurrence in common)
-early/non-fistulous: medical may be enough
-chronic/fistulous: surgical + medical |
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Term
| How do we medically manage lumpy jaw in cattle? |
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Definition
-Abx: penicillin
-isoniazid
-iodinization(sodium iodide): parenteral, oral |
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Term
| How do we surgically manage lumpy jaw in cattle? |
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Definition
-general anesthesai
-debride/curettage lesion: remove involved teeth, pack w/ iodine gauze |
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Term
| What are some complications commonly seen w/ surgical management of bovine lumpy jaw? |
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Definition
-blood loss: be quick
-iatrogenic fracture |
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Term
| How do we control bovine lumpy jaw? |
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Definition
-avoid offending forages
-early tx of cases
-salvage before $$ loss |
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Term
| How common are abscessed teeth in ruminants? |
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Definition
-umcommon
-seen more in calmelids |
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Term
| What do we see on PE w/ abscessed teeth? |
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Definition
-hard boney swelling
-open and draining
-no sulfur granules
0smells bad |
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Term
| What do you see on PE w/ fracture? |
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Definition
-weak jaw
-displacement
-fetid odor if draining
-commonly symphyseal in young animals |
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Term
| What is the etiology of Wooden Tongue? |
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Definition
-Actinobacillus ligniereii
-gram - cococbacillus |
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Term
| Describe the epidemiology of Wooden Tongue. Affected species? |
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Definition
-sporacid cases
-assoc w/ problem feeds
-cattle >> pigs/sheep |
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Term
| Describe the pathognesis of Wooden Tongue. |
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Definition
-puncture > invasion: granulomatous inflammation
-strictly soft tissues: LN
-interfere w/ prehension/mastication/eructation |
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Term
| What do we see on PE w/ Wooden Tongue? |
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Definition
-pyogranulomatous lesions: head, neck, tongue
-firm but not hard
-+/- draining tracts
-regional lymphadenopathy
-lingual lesions cause dysphagia, ptyalism, dehydration, wt loss
-retropharyngeal lesiosn cause dyspnea, bloat, aspiration pneumonia |
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Term
| How do we treat Wooden Tongue? |
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Definition
-sodium iodide: affects inflamamtion
-Abx: extended spectrum penicillin or ATC
-don't need isoniazid
-early tx = good prognosis |
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Term
| How do we differentiate pure edema and inflammatory edema? |
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Definition
-pure edema: symmetrical, cool, not painful
-inflamm edema: warm, pitted, painful |
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Term
| What are some causes of pharyngeal trauma in cattle? |
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Definition
-oversealous oral tx
-balling/pilling gun
-dose syringes
-stomach tubes
-poor facilities/restraint |
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Term
| What do we see w/ pharyngeal dysfunction? |
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Definition
-altered deglutition
-altered eructation
-altered laryngeal closure |
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Term
| What do we see on PE w/ pharyngeal trauma? |
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Definition
-pain > anorexia/dehydration
-salivary loss / met acidosis
-migrate / mediastinum
-feedstuffs in nares
-halitosis
-mild bloat
-evidence of penumonia |
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Term
| How do we manage pharyngeal trauma bovine cases? |
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Definition
-establish drainage
-systemic abx: BS, anaerobes
-supportive: fluids & feed
-analgesics: NSAID |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind contagious echtyma? Common names? |
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Definition
-Parapoxvirus
-Orf, Soremouth |
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Term
| Which species are affected by contagious echyma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by contagious ecthyma? |
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Definition
-most in lambs and kids < 6m b/c immunity develops
-naive flock introductions |
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Term
|
Definition
-3-5d incubation
-proliferative
-coalesce
-course lasts 5-6w
-on lips & gums > nares > eyelids
-coronet/interdigital
-dam's teats |
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Term
| Why do animals lose wt w/ orf? |
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Definition
-pain = reluctance to nurse
-premature weaing
-lameness: dec foraging |
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Term
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Definition
-virulent live virus: wear gloves!
-use only in endemic flocks
-must do annually once begun |
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Term
| What are some chemical causes of oral vesicles, erosion & ulceration? Traumatic? Metabolic? |
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Definition
-chemical: grass awns
-trauma: tubing, pilling, grazing, pica
-metabolic: uremia, photosensitization |
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Term
| What do you do w/ oral vesicles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some infectious etiologies that cause oral vesicels w/ diarrhea? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some infectious etiologies that cause oral vesicles without diarrhea? |
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Definition
-BPS
-BTV
-VS (FMD)
-necrotic stomatitis
-actinobacillosis
-actinomycosis |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind Bovine Papular Stomatitis? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-usually asymptomatic
-raised umbilicated papules in nares, mouth, esophagus, rumen |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind Bluetongue? Who is most commonly affected? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the seasonality of bluetongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is bluetongue transmitted? |
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Definition
-Culicoides variipennis
-can be transmitted via semen during viremia & also transplacentally |
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Term
| What are the pathological effects of bluetongue? |
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Definition
-vasculitis syndrome: widespread epi necrosis, endothelial damage=edema
-repro: abortion/embryonic death, teratogenesis |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of bluetongue? |
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Definition
-fever for about a week
-edema of face, lips, ears
-crusted muzzle
-excessive salivation
-hyperemic oral mucosa
-erosion & ulceration
-cyanosis of tongue
-hyperpnea/dyspnea: pulmonary edema
-lameness/stiffness: coronitis & myopathy
-wool breaks in 2-3 ww: may lose entire fleece
-diarrhea |
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Term
| What are the congenital defects due to bluetongue when infected during first half of gestation? |
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Definition
-proencephaly/anencephaly
-arthrogryposis
-growth retardation
-stillbirths/weak |
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Term
| How do we treat bluetongue? |
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Definition
-supportive care: hydrate, force feed
-prevent secondary bacterial infection: BS abx
-keep out of sunlight |
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Term
| What do we find on necropsy due to bluetongue? |
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Definition
-widespread hemorrhages: pulmonary artery, serosal surfaces
-GI: hyperemia/erosions
-pulmonary edema
-myopathy: necrosis/edema |
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Term
| How do we diagnose bluetongue? |
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Definition
-PCR
-virus isolation
-serology: acute & convalescent, high rate of sero+ in cattle |
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Term
| How do we control bluetongue? |
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Definition
-dec exposure to vectors: pen indoors at night, don't graze wetlands, eliminate fly breeding areas
-Cz: MLV, little cross protection |
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Term
| What do we see w/ BTV in cattle? |
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Definition
-fever, crusted muzzle, oral erosions
-most survive
-usually adults, calves are fine |
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Term
| What are some ddx for BTV in cattle? |
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Definition
-vesicualr stomatitis
-BVDV
-MCF
-IBR
-BPS |
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Term
|
Definition
-epizootic hemorrhagic dz
-primarily in WTD and highly fatal |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind vesicualr stomatitis? Which species are affected? |
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Definition
-rhadovirus
-cattle, swine, horses, ZOONOTIC |
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Term
| What do we see on PE w/ Vesicular stomatitis? |
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Definition
-vesicles on mouth, teats, interdigital spaces
-high mobridity, low mortality
-REPORTABLE |
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Term
|
Definition
-foreign animal dz
-cattle & pigs >> sheep & goats |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind necrotic stomatitis? |
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Definition
| -Fusobacterium necrophorum |
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Term
| What do we see clinically w/ necrotic stomatitis? |
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Definition
-oral abrasiosn w/ deep ulcers
-pain, naorexia, ptyalism |
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Term
| How do we treat necrotic stomatitis? |
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Definition
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