Term
| Outline the life of a pregnant dairy cow. |
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Definition
| -calf is born => removed at birth (fed colostrum and raised) => cow enters milking herd => voluntary waiting period => cow enters breeding pool |
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Term
| What is the purpose of monitornitoring dairy herds reproductively? |
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Definition
-gives a picutre of the herd's repro history
-ID areas where improvements can be made
-monitor progress or lack thereof |
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Term
| What are the four major things we check for on herd repro health? |
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Definition
-days to first service/breeding
-services per conception
-pregnancy rate
-calving interval |
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Term
| Heifers are bred at __-__ months. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the voluntary waiting period? |
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Definition
| -period of time after calving in which cows are not bred |
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Term
| How long is the typical voluntary waiting period? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should we do once the voluntary waiting period passes? |
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Definition
-observed in heat (14-24h)
-inseminated
-conceive
-all should be done in an effecient matter |
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Term
| True or False: If bath estrus detection and conception rates are adequate then few cows should have extended days open! |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the days to first service? What should the herd average be? |
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Definition
-period of time from calving to first breeding
-75 days |
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Term
| What is the average conception rate on the first service in dairy herds? What should it be? |
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Definition
-Average from 25-60%
-Should be 40% or greater |
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Term
| What is the goal 21-day pregnancy rate in dairy herds? |
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Definition
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Term
| The average 21-day pregnancy rate on most dairy farms is 12-14%. Why? |
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Definition
| -could be a management issue: tachniques, timing, detection of cows in heat |
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Term
| How many services are ideally required to achieve a pregnancy? What is the typical herd average? |
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Definition
-Goal: less than 2.5 serv/conc in pregnant cows
-Typical: less than 3.5 serv/conc in all cows |
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Term
| What should the herd average calving interval be? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the physiologic reasons that the service rate poor in dairy herds? |
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Definition
-inadequate estrus dtection
-poor expression
-high number of anovular cows during early lactation |
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Term
| What are the pathologic reasons that the conception rate is poor in dairy herds? |
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Definition
| -high incidence of EED during ealy gestation |
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Term
| How do we, as vets, make an impact on poor repro efficiency in dairy cattle? |
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Definition
| -make recommendations on management of cows for breeding |
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Term
| How does the time spent in heat of a dairy cow relate to her milk production? |
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Definition
| -time in heat dec as milk production inc |
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Term
| At what age should a beef cow begin to cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age should a beef cow deliver her first calf? |
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Definition
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Term
| When during the calving season should a beef cow ideally calve? |
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Definition
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Term
| How often should a beef cow produce a calf? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the maternal specifications of the perfect beef cow? |
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Definition
-calves unassisted
-calf weight is close to breed average
-gestation length close to breed average
-provides excellent maternal care (colostrum etc)
-produces sufficient quality milk
-has sound udder (teat size, no mastitis, etc)
-temperament
-easy keeper
-adapted to her environment
-has vaccinations
-has hgh salvage value |
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Term
| What is the key factor for frequency of calving for a beef cow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cause of post-parturient anestrus in a beef cow? How long does it last? |
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Definition
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Term
| What suckling frequency is required to cause lactational anestrus in a beef cow? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the physiology behind the suckling effect in beef cows. |
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Definition
-suckling induces hormonal changes: inc prolactin, oxytocin, and corticosteroids = dec GnRH
-also in negative energy balance |
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Term
| What can we do from a management standpoint to return beef cows to cyclicity? |
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Definition
| -sudden removal of calf fr 48h leads to cyclicity |
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Term
| Do heifers or cows have longer post-parturient anestrus periods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two factors are most influential on PP anestrus? |
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Definition
| -pre-partum nitrition and BCS |
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Term
| 1 BCS represents about ___ lb BW in medium frame cow. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the preferred BCS of cows for birthing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the consequences of a prolonged (>60d) breeding season? |
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Definition
-prolonged calving season
-uneven line of weaned calves
-inefficient forage use
-retention of late cyclers/non-cyclers: inc late pregnancies, inc open cow
-RUDECES LB BEEF SOLD |
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Term
| At which age do we raise beef heifers to breed? |
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Definition
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Term
| At which age do we raise beef heifers to calve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we limit the breeding season to in beef herds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the minimum BCS for breeding beef heifers? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do we preg check beef heifers after bulls are removed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two factors is the chance of a beef cow being pregnant in first 21 days? |
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Definition
1. cows cycling first 21 days
2. first service conception rate: cow and bull fertility |
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Term
| What is the goal calving pattern? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we perform a pregnancy exam after the breeding season? |
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Definition
-US 22-25d
-pregnancy associated glycoprotein at 30-40 days
-palpation 35-40 days |
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Term
| What are the four major factors controlling the profitability of a cow-calf operation? |
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Definition
-annual costs of keeping a cow
-number of calves weaned
-weight of calves sold
-price received per unit wt sold, calves, and culls |
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