Term
| What are the suspected diseases processes when presented with a yorkie (2y) with hindlimb lameness? |
|
Definition
-Medial patellar luxation
-Legg-Calve-Perthes |
|
|
Term
| What are the suspected disease proceses when presented with GErman Shepherd (9m) wiht forelimb lameness? |
|
Definition
-panosteitis
-elbor/shoulder dysplasia
=HOD |
|
|
Term
| What are the suspected diseases processes when presented with a 6y lab with hindlimb lameness? |
|
Definition
-CCLR
-Hip dysplasia
-neoplasa
-OA |
|
|
Term
| What are the important components of a visual ortho exam? |
|
Definition
-lameness
-abnormal posture
=head bob (down is sound)
-stiff-gait
-short stride
-circumduction
-bunny hopping
-weight shifting
-muscle atrophy
-attitude and disposition |
|
|
Term
| What are the common systemic manifestations of orthopedic dz? |
|
Definition
-tachycardia
-tachypnea
-anorexia
-vomiting
-fever
-depression
-cough
-ydyspnea |
|
|
Term
| What do we try our best to leave for last on an ortho exam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do we perform our first ortho exam awake or sedates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we look for on palpation of an ortho exam? |
|
Definition
-pain
-continuity of bone and tendon
-muscle: atrophy, stiffness, tone, pain, continuity
=joint rang of moton
-crepitus (DJD)
-asymmetry |
|
|
Term
| What do we look ofr on eval of each digit and nail bed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we look for in webbings b/n digits? |
|
Definition
-foreign material
-draining tract |
|
|
Term
| What are we looking for on palpation of carpus/tarsus? |
|
Definition
-increased effusion
-congruity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are we looking for on palpation of shoulder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are we looking for on palpation of shoulder flexion/extension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the abduciton of the shoulder look for? |
|
Definition
| -medial collateral ligamnet tearing |
|
|
Term
| Where can you palpate the biceps tendon on the shoulder? |
|
Definition
| -cranial surface fo the joint |
|
|
Term
| Where will effusion of the parapatellar ligament be located on the stifle? |
|
Definition
-cranially on either medial ro lateral of it
-or is not as noticable as it should be |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose behind medial and lateral bending of the stifle on ortho exam? |
|
Definition
| -eval collateral ligaments |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common hindlimb lameness in SA? |
|
Definition
| -cranial cruciate ligament rupture |
|
|
Term
| Can we commonly palpate increased effusion in the hip? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is commonly confused with hip disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the ortolani maneuver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a craniodorsal luxation look like on palpation? |
|
Definition
| -greater trochanter moves up and makes the triangle a straight line |
|
|
Term
| What is the point of a compression test? Common issues? HOw do we avoid this? |
|
Definition
-lumbosacral pain
-can see pain if it is hip pain
-put them in lateral recumbency |
|
|
Term
| What source of pain is tested by pelvic limb extension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we flex the tail in a dog ortho exam? |
|
Definition
| -tests for lumbosacral pain |
|
|
Term
| Why do we do a rectal exam as part of the ortho exam in a dog? |
|
Definition
| -direct pressur on lumbosacral joint |
|
|
Term
| How can you differentiate if weakness is due to an ortho or neuro condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a nerve root signature? |
|
Definition
-result of the compression of a spinal nerve root as it exits the spinal canal that causing an acute lameness
-can be confused with ortho issues
-scream bloody murder |
|
|
Term
| What are the non-invasive diagnstic tests for ortho issues? |
|
Definition
-rads
-CT
-MRI
-scintigraphy
-US |
|
|
Term
| What are the invasive diagnostic tests for ortho issues? |
|
Definition
-FNA
-biopsy
-arthrography
-arthrocentesis
-arthroscopy |
|
|
Term
| Where on the carpus do we look for effusion? What joint is this? |
|
Definition
-cranial
-radiocarpal joint |
|
|
Term
| Where on the tarsus do we look for effusion? What joint is this? |
|
Definition
-craniolateral and caudolateral
-tarsocrural joint |
|
|
Term
| Why do we test medial and lateral bending of the carpus and tarsus? What does this test for? |
|
Definition
-looking to see if it breaks open
-evaluate the collateral kigaments |
|
|
Term
| What special mechanism do we evaluate at the level of the tarsus that does not exist anywhere else in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Varus = medial rotation of the limb
-Valgus = lateral rotation of the limb |
|
|
Term
| What is pronation of the tarsus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is supination of the tarsus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are we looking for when we palpate long bones systematically on ortho exam? |
|
Definition
-avoid direct pressure on muscle belly
-muscle atrophy/stiffness
-swelling/bone proliferation
-isolate pain |
|
|
Term
| What etiologies might you find on palpation of long bones on ortho exam? |
|
Definition
-neoplasia
-panosteitis
-HOD
-HO
-fractures |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of medial and lateral bending of the elbow joints? |
|
Definition
| -evaluate collateral ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Should hyperextension hurt on a normal dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are cats more or less flexible than dogs? |
|
Definition
| -slightly more at each joint |
|
|
Term
| What are the special rad views that we use for ortho exams? |
|
Definition
-skyline
-angular limbs
-oblique
-stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -radioactive substance is admin IV and uptake of radioisotope occurs in metabolically active tissues |
|
|
Term
| What disease processes can be identified via nuclear scintigraphy? |
|
Definition
-osteoarthritis
-neoplasia
-inflammation/ijury
-infetion
-avascular bone |
|
|
Term
| Why do we bother with nuclear scintigraphy if we suspect neoplasia? |
|
Definition
-delineate the extent
-identify musculoskeltal metastases |
|
|
Term
| What kind of image do we get from CT? |
|
Definition
-cross-sectional and multi-planar anatomy
-3D reconstruction |
|
|
Term
| What kind of image do we get from MRI? Why is it useful? |
|
Definition
-cross-sectional and multiplanar anatomy
-improved evaluation of soft tissue structures associated with bone: articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule, muscle and fascial planes |
|
|
Term
| When do we perform arthrocentesis in regards to non-invasive techniques? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can arthrocentesis tell us? |
|
Definition
| -confirms joint disease and can categorize it |
|
|
Term
| What is the major risk of arthrocentesis? |
|
Definition
| -risk of introducing infection |
|
|
Term
At what angle do we perform arthrocentesis of the following joints:
a) carpus
b) elbow
c) shoulder |
|
Definition
a) flexed: do it cranially
b) standing angle: caudomedial or caudolateral
c) standing angle: lateral (distal to the acromion) |
|
|
Term
At what angle do we perform a arthrocentesis for the following joints:
a) tarsus
b) stifle
c) hip |
|
Definition
a) standing angle: craniolateral or caudolateral
b) flexed: parapatellar
c) neutral angle: dorsal, craniodorsal |
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