Term
| When do silent heats most often occur in dogs? |
|
Definition
| -highest incidence in pubertal bitches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-absence of proestrus-estrous behavior or ntoable clinical signs
-normal physiologic and cytologic (vaginal) estrus |
|
|
Term
| When do split or false heats most common occur in dogs? |
|
Definition
| -highest incidence in pubertal bitchs |
|
|
Term
| What is a split/false heat? |
|
Definition
-exhibits behavioral signs of tru proestrus=estrus
-after a few days, the proestrus-estrus signs recede
-true estrus begins several more days or weeks
-ovulation does not occur in the first part of the split heat but it occurs in the second part of the spit head
-conception can occur if the bitch is bred during the true heat |
|
|
Term
| Are LH levels increased or decresed in animals with no gonads? Why? |
|
Definition
-increased
-no feedback to pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| If a shelter animal comes in wiht high levels of LH, what assumption can we make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a shelter animal comes in without a history and has no AMH/Inhibin, what can we assume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Brucella canis transmitted? |
|
Definition
| -contagious through mucous membrane contact iwht organism |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are seen with B. canis infection? |
|
Definition
-abortion: due to placentitis
-iorchitis/epididymitis |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose Brucella canis? |
|
Definition
-culture of organism = absolute confirmation
-Rapid Slide Agglutination test
-Tube Agllutination test
-Agar Gell immunodiffusion test: cell surface and cytoplasmic Ag tested
-PCR is now available by some labs |
|
|
Term
| When do we see false negatives with B. canis? |
|
Definition
| -early in disease process <4-6 weeks after treatment |
|
|
Term
| When do we see false positives with B. canis? |
|
Definition
-lack of specificity of tests
-cross-reactivity with other antigens |
|
|
Term
| If we get a positive result with routine B. anis screen then what do we do? |
|
Definition
| -AGID or PCR to rule out false positive |
|
|
Term
| If we have positi9ve clinical signs attributed to B. canis what do we do? |
|
Definition
| -blood or discharge cultures |
|
|
Term
| If we get a negative on routine screen for B. canis, what do you do next? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If we get a negative with clinical signs attributable to B. canis what do we do next? |
|
Definition
| -3 onthly tests required to rule out false negatives |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary clinical signs seen with canine herpesvirus? |
|
Definition
| -neonatal deaths primarily |
|
|
Term
| Is canine herpesvirus temperature sensitive? Where is it found in the body? |
|
Definition
-yes
-thus found in oronasal pharynx |
|
|
Term
| In regards to canine herpesvirus clinical signs, no illnes is seen in animals over ___ weeks of age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "critical window" of canine herpesvirus? |
|
Definition
| -last thre weeks of pregnancy in a naive bithc up to the first three weeks of neonatal life |
|
|
Term
| Is there a clinical issue if a bitch is exposured to canine herpesvirus during breeding? What if exposed 2-3 weeks postpartum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of canine herpes seen in the affected pups? |
|
Definition
| -crying, greenish stool, abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
| What is the mortality due to canine herpes in affected pups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen on necropsy of a pup who died due to canine herpesvirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specifics do we aim for with canine whelping areas? |
|
Definition
-out of trafic patterns
-whelping box with pig rails for giant breeds
-acclimate bitch to the area one week prior to due date
-washable bedding with good footing |
|
|
Term
| What do we do if we are confronted with hemorrhagic vaginal discharge during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| -evaluate cytology and vagioscopy |
|
|
Term
| What are the potential causes of hemorrhagic discharge during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-could be normal
-signs of impending abortion |
|
|
Term
| What are the potential causes of purulent vaginal discharge during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, how do we treat a bitch that presents with unusual vaginal discharge during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-give flouroquinolones if necessary
-rest
-supportive therapy as needed
-give P4 if impending abortion |
|
|
Term
| What is the best method to confirm fetal wastage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the potential causes for fetal wastage? |
|
Definition
-trauma
-heat stress
-luteal insufficiency
-viral bacteria
-CEH
-protozoa |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat fetal wastage? |
|
Definition
| -evacuation of uteirne contents if all babies are dead via PGF2a |
|
|
Term
| Is uterine torsion common in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does uterine torsion clinically present? |
|
Definition
-acute abdomen pain and distress
-may be asymptomatic until dystocia |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose uterine torsion in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the body at the initiation of parturition in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-progesterone falls rapidly
-transient drop in body temp
-milk evident in glands 1-7 days prir |
|
|
Term
| What initiates the first stage of parturition? What occurs hormonally during this stage? |
|
Definition
-begins after progesterone drops
-removal of progesterone block from uterus = myometrial activity begins
-inc in oxytocin receptor sites |
|
|
Term
| What occurs behaviorally during the first stage of parturition? |
|
Definition
-nesting
-anxiety
-anorexia |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the second stage of parturition? |
|
Definition
-active contractions: fetus in pelvic canal stimulates urge to push
-amnion appears first
-Ferguson reflex occurs
-greenish-black discharge |
|
|
Term
| What is the Ferguson reflex (occurs during stage II parturition)? |
|
Definition
| -oxytocin release and abdominal contractions |
|
|
Term
| During patrutition, delivery of what part of the animal is the greatest effort? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are breech presentations normal in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the breenish-black discharge that shows up during the second stage of parturition in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the canine placenta after parturition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does stage II parturition last in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the criteria for intervention during stage II parturition in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-active contactions for > 1 hour
-rest period > 4 hours
-black thick discharge without fetus |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic tool do we use to determine fetal viability in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic tool do we use to determine the presence of additional fetuses in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the third stage of parturition? |
|
Definition
-passage of placentas
-most are passed immediately following fetus |
|
|
Term
| Is placental retention rare or common in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which situation is oxytocin absolutely not necessary in the post-parturient bitch to assist in passage of the placentas? |
|
Definition
| -if suckling puppies/kittens are present |
|
|
Term
| Describe the time frame, color changes, and consistency changes of normal involution of the bitch. |
|
Definition
-msot expelled in first two weeks
-changes in color: red to brown
-changes in consistency: watery to mucoid
-no odor
-lasts 4-6 weeks |
|
|
Term
| How do we manage the post-parturient bitch? |
|
Definition
-monitor mammary glands and vulvar discharges daily
-unlimited food and water to dam
-start weaning process at 3-4 weeks by offering grueal and complete by 5-8 weeks
-reduce food to dam at weaning
-pressure in glands, signal to quit |
|
|
Term
| How do we manage newborn canines after birth? |
|
Definition
-need colostrum and daily milk intake
-eat, sleep, and dream
-dam stimulates urination/defection
-crying indicates a problem
-poikilothermic for first 2-3 weeks |
|
|
Term
| What are the ambient temp recommendations for the first 30 days of a puppy's life? |
|
Definition
-Days 1-7: 85-90F
-8-28 days: 80F
-29+ days: 70-75F |
|
|
Term
| What do "pig piles" indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical daily weight ain in a newborn puppy? |
|
Definition
| -10% of birth weight daily |
|
|
Term
| What are the important factors when monitoring neonatal canines? |
|
Definition
-hypothermia: MOST IMPORTANT
-hypoglycemia due to inadequate caloric intake
-hypovolemia due to dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the entire uterus (endometrium + myometrium) |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of metritis? |
|
Definition
-fever
-depression
-purulent vulvar discharge |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose metritis? |
|
Definition
-CBC
-vaginal cytology
-culture
-US |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we treat metritis? |
|
Definition
-PGF2a to evacuate the uterus
-supportive therapy: fluids and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of mastitis? |
|
Definition
-enlarged, hot, painful glands
-fever, leukocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What organisms commonly cause mastitis in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat mastitis in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-hot pack and strip abnormal milk
-NSAIDs and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Does mastitis reoccur in the bitch? |
|
Definition
| -yes with subsequent litters or pseudopregnancies |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for post-partum hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which canines are most commonly affected by eclampsie? |
|
Definition
-small nervous breeds
-can be hereditary in some lines |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of canine eclampsia? |
|
Definition
-panting
-pacing
-muscle tremors
-ataxia
-hyperthermia
-tonic-clonic convulsions
-death |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
-IV calcium gluconate to effect
-oral calcium maintenance
-weaning if the pups are old enough or if unable to control clinical signs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Subinvolution of placental sites |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of SIPS in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-persistent uteirne bleeding
-usually ID'd if bleeding persists after weaning |
|
|
Term
| What are the gross lesions seen with SIPS in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What histologic lesions are seen with SIPs in the bitch? |
|
Definition
| -multinuclear giant cells = trophoblast cells |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat SIPS in the bitch? |
|
Definition
| -usually self-limiting but we can give PGF2a |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of puppy vaginitis? When does it usually resolve? |
|
Definition
-small aount of purulent discharge in prepubertal bitch
-goes away with first estrus |
|
|
Term
| What canines are usually affected by adult onset vaginitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOw do we treat adult vaginitis in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-hormonal: DES to thicken vaginal epithelium
-surgery: removal of excess skin folds around vulva |
|
|
Term
| What are the potential causes of vaginal prolapse in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-estorgen-related: proestrus or late pregnancy
-breed
-spay |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat vaginal prolapse in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-treat symptoms
-self-resolving |
|
|
Term
| When during the estrous cycle do pyometras occur in the bitch? In the queen? |
|
Definition
-diestrus (progesterone phase)
-occurs anytime in the queen |
|
|
Term
| Which bitches are most commonly affected by pyometras? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat pyometras in the bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical presentation of pyometra in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-depression: most often seen with toxemia
-leukocytosis: amy see left shift
-vulvar discharge: if open cervix
-PU/PD: endotoxins from E. coli |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose pyometra in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-abdominal palpation
-rads
-US |
|
|
Term
| What is the peak age of fertility in the dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the important parts of a repro history in the dog? |
|
Definition
-reason for exam
-allprior breedings
-libido and mating ability
-all prior semen evaluations
-previous health problems
-pedigree if needed |
|
|
Term
| What do we palpate for indication of Brucella canis infection on a male dog? |
|
Definition
| -testicles and epididymes |
|
|
Term
| What is the accessory gland in the male dog? Does it change over time? What hormone is it dependent on? |
|
Definition
-prostate
-increases with age
-development dependent on testosterone |
|
|
Term
| How do we examine the prostate in a male dog? |
|
Definition
-digital palpation per rectum
-abdominal palpation
-US
-rads |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of 5-alpha reductase? Where does this occur? |
|
Definition
--converts testosterone to the biologically active form dihydrotestosteroone
-in the prostate |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of prostatic fluid in the male dog? What does it look like? Normal pH? |
|
Definition
-contributes volume to ejaculate (third fraction)
-looks like water
-normal pH 6.5-6.8 |
|
|
Term
| What four characteristics do we evaluate on prostatic fluid? |
|
Definition
-color
-pH
-cytology
-quantified bacterial culture |
|
|
Term
| Which canines are affected by bening prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) |
|
Definition
| -incidence increases with age |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs do we usually see with a dog with BPH? What about in severe cases? |
|
Definition
-often no clinical signs
-Severe cases: rectal compression leads to constipation and ribbon stools without urinary tract signs |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of abacterial prostatitis in the dog? |
|
Definition
-blood from prepuce or in urine
-nonpainful on palpation
-glood inejaculate |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat BPH and abacterial prostatitis in the dog? |
|
Definition
-5-alpha reductase inhibitors for 6-8 weeks and repeat as needed
-frequent ejaculation
-castration for permanent resolution |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common presentation of bacterial prostatitis? What clinical signs can we see? |
|
Definition
-acute or chronic but usually asymptomatic
-can cause recurrent UTIs |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose bacterial prostatitis? |
|
Definition
UA and urine culture
-cytology and culture of prostatic fluid |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat bacterial prostatitis in the dog? |
|
Definition
-antimicrobials that pass BPB (CAP, enrofloxacin, TMS) for 6-8 weeks
-concurrent treatment with a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| What causes paraprostatic cysts in the dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes intraprostatic cysts in the dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes retention prostatic cysts in he dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat prostatic cysts in the dog? |
|
Definition
-larger ones may require surgery
-csastration to reduce testoserne levels or use 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
-rule out bacterial involvement )abscess vs cyst) |
|
|
Term
| What causes prostatic abscesses in the dog? |
|
Definition
| -bacterial infection or prostatic cysts |
|
|
Term
| How does a dog with prostatic abscesses appear clinically? Prognosis? |
|
Definition
-systemically ill
-guarded to poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What are common sequelae seen prostatic abscesses in the dog? |
|
Definition
-peritonitis
-sepsis
-shock |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat prostatic abscesses in the dog? |
|
Definition
-surgical drainage
-antimicrobials
-castration or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors to reduce prostatic tissue mass |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common prostatic neoplasia seen in the dog/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia in the dog? |
|
Definition
-stanguria
-dysuria
-more aggressive in neutered animals |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Early castration of the dog protects against prostatic neoplasia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dogs are most usually affected by prostatic neoplasia? |
|
Definition
-medium to large breeds
-older animals |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose prostatic neoplasia? |
|
Definition
| -prostatic cytology: ejaculate cytology or FNA |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat prostatic noeplasia in the dog? |
|
Definition
-cure in unlikely with aggressive tumors
-metastasis early
-prostatectomy: urinary icontinence
-msot dogs are euthanized shorty after diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the prep work for semen collection in the dog. |
|
Definition
-manual collection
-use of a teaser bitch may aid in collection
-good footing
-allow to urinate and defecate prior to attempted collection
-keep distractions at a minimum |
|
|
Term
| What equipment do we need to collect semen form a dog? |
|
Definition
-minimal
-collection tue with or tihout a colelction cone
-baby bottle liners: cheap, sterile, disposable |
|
|
Term
| What are the fractions of ejaculate in the dog? |
|
Definition
-first fraction: presperm
-second fraction: sperm-rich
-third fraction: postsperm and prostatic fluid |
|
|
Term
| What color are all of the fractions of ejaculate in the dog? |
|
Definition
-presperm: slightly cloudy
-sperm-rich: grayish white
-postsperm: crystal clear |
|
|
Term
| How do we evaluate motility in canine ejaculate? |
|
Definition
-evaluated quickly
-place on warmed slide
-gross motility: 10 X
-idnividual motility: 40X
-look for progressive linear movement |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we evaluate morphology of canine ejaculate? |
|
Definition
-stain a sampl of semen to look at individual cells
-always evaluate under oil immersion
-classify 100 cells as either normal or abnormal |
|
|
Term
| What is the norma sperm concentration for a dog? What about in a toy breed? |
|
Definition
-200 million sperm per ejacualte
-toy breed = 50 million per ejaculate |
|
|
Term
| What are the general principles of semen cytology in the dog? |
|
Definition
-stain with modified Wright's stain
-note presence of RBCs, WBCs, and epi cells
-evaluate prostatic fraction separately |
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard for concentration of ejaculate in the dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the organisms that are considered normal flora on the penis/prepuce/urethra? |
|
Definition
-Pateurella
-Staph
-Strep
-Mycoplasma |
|
|
