Term
| What is the largest organ in the abdomen of both dogs and cats? |
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Definition
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Term
How does the liver relate geographically to the following structures:
a) diaphragm
b) stomach
c) spleen
d) right kidney
e) duodenum
f) pylorus |
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Definition
a) cranial to stomach
b) cranial to spleen
c) cranial to right kidney, duodenum, pylorus |
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Term
| True or False: Lack of radiographic abnormalities rules out the possibility of hepatic disease. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, lack of radiographic abnormalities does not rule out the possibility of hepatic disease |
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Term
| What is the opacity of the liver in the dog? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the dog, where shoud the gastric axis of the stomach be locateD? |
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Definition
| -in the zone perpendicular to the vertebral column to parallel with the ribs b/n the 11th and 12th intercostal spaces |
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Term
| What are the 6 lobes of the liver? |
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Definition
| -right medial, right lateral, left medial, left lateral, caudate, quadrate |
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Term
| ON the lateral view, which liver lobe is the most important? Why? |
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Definition
-left lateral lobe
-forms final triangle that has the least summation |
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Term
| How does the feline liver appear different from the canine liver radiographically? |
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Definition
-liver sits more to the right of midline and most always extends past the ribs on the lateral view
-on the lateral view in cats, the caudoventral liver margin is the RIGHT LATERAL liver lobe |
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Term
| How does a deep-chested dog's liver appear different radiographically? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do young animals' livers tend to appear different radiographically? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the livers of fat cats appear differently radiographically? |
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Definition
| -liver is elevated due to a large amount of falciform fat |
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Term
| How is a diagnosis of hepatomegaly made radiographically? |
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Definition
-angle of gastric axis is pushed caudally on BOTH vies
-rounding of liver margins
-thickening of liver (wedge-shaped instead of triangular)
-liver extending apst the caudal aspect of hte irbs on the lateral view |
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Term
| What are the most common causes of diffuse hepatomegaly? Other possible causes? |
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Definition
-fatty infiltration & endocrinopathies are most common
-inflammation, infection (histoo), neoplasia (lymphoma, mast cell tumor), congestion (RHF), cholestasis, storage disease, amyloidosis |
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Term
| What are some possible causes of focal hepatomegaly? |
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Definition
| -neoplasia, abscess, cyst, hematoma, granuloma |
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Term
| What radiographic changes do you see with right sided focal hepatic masses? |
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Definition
-dorsomedial displacement of pylorus, gastric antrum, descending duodenum
-caudodorsal displacement of adjacent SI
-caudal and medial displacement of transverse colon |
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Term
| What radiographic changes do you see with left sided focal hepatic masses? |
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Definition
| -head of spleen, adjacent SI, gastric fundus displaced dorsomedially |
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Term
| What radiographic changes do you see with central focal hepatic masses? |
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Definition
| -extrinsic indentation of lesser curvature |
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Term
| What radiographic changes do we expect to see with microhepatica? |
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Definition
-cranial displacement/angulation of the stomach
-decreased distance b/n the stomach and diaphragm on both views
-cranial displacement of the stomach, duodenum, and right kidney |
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Term
| What are some possible causes of microhepatica? How do each of them appear radiographically? |
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Definition
-Cirrhosis: small, irregular liver +/- ascites
-Chronic hepatic dz
-Diaphragmatic hernia: false dec in liver size due to change in position
-Portosystemic shunts: ammonium biurate crystals/stones that are formed in kidney and bladder are radiolucent |
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Term
| What is the gold standard for diagnosis of portosystemic shunts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a change in liver opacity to gas or mineralization more common? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some possible causes of liver mineralization? |
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Definition
-biliary duct calcification (2nd most common)
-cholelith - gallbladder (msot common)
-nodular mineralizaiton: neoplasia, granuloma, parasitic cysts |
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Term
| What are some possible causes for gas in the liver? |
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Definition
-gas-forming bacteria
-communication with bowel lumen
-emphesematous cholecystitis (associated with diabetes)
-hepatic abscess |
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Term
| Describe the prognosis of gas in the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the spleen lie in the abdomen? |
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Definition
-cranial left abdomen caudal to the stomach
-head is fixed by the gastroplenic ligament and tail is free to move throughout the abdomen |
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Term
| How does the spleen appear on VD? |
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Definition
| -small triangle caudal to the stomach that is the body or head |
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Term
| True or False: The spleen is usually not seen on the lateral view in cats unless it is enlarged. |
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Definition
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Term
| What radiopacity is the spleen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes in the shape of the spleen is usually as a result of ______ that distorts hte parenchyma and capsule. Eamples? |
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Definition
-masses
-ex: hematomas and neoplasia |
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Term
| Don't msitake a change in position of the spleen due to other organ enlargement for splenomagally!!! |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some possible causes of diffuse splenomegaly? |
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Definition
-congesiton, torsion +/- gastric torsion
-diffuse inflammation: infections, toxicities
-iatrogenic due to certain drugs |
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Term
| What are some possible causes of focal splenomegaly? |
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Definition
-mass lesion
-primary usually hemangiosarcoma, secondary neoplasia, hematoma, abscess, cyst, regenerative nodule |
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Term
| How does diffuse splenomegaly appear radiographically? |
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Definition
| -rounded margins and obvious displacement of adjacent viscera |
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Term
| How does focal splenomegaly appear radiographically? |
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Definition
-Body/Tail: see ventral or mid-abdominal mass on lateral and small bowel displacement dorsal, caudal, and left or right on VD
-Head: caudodorsal shift of SI and fundic indection on lateral & SI displaced caudally and to R +/- fundic indentation on VD |
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Term
| What are some causes of generalized splenomegaly that is well-marginated? |
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Definition
-neoplasia: lymphoma, mast cell tumor
-inflammation
-infection (hemobartonella)
-vascular stasis
-extramedullary hematopoeisis
-barbituate anesthesia
-cats: lymphoma, mast cell tumor, hemobartonella |
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Term
| What are some possible causes of localized splenomegaly that is well-marginated? |
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Definition
| -neoplasia, hematoma, abscessed |
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Term
| What are some possible causes of generalized splenomegaly that is poorly-marginated? |
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Definition
| -splenic torsion, neoplasia with concurrent hemorrhage |
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