Term
| How does the PCV of ruminants compare to the PCV on non-ruminants? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where do we collect blood on FA? |
|
Definition
| -tail or jugular but ear or precaval in a pig |
|
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Term
| Discuss blood loss, hemolysis, and decreased production causing anemia regarding protein levels and phase of regeneration. |
|
Definition
-Blood loss: low protein & regenerative
-Hemolysis: normal protein & regenerative
-Dec pdn: normal to inc protein & nonregenerative |
|
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Term
| How long does it take to see changes in peripheral blood with regenerative anemia? What are those changes? Which animal does not exhibit these? |
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Definition
-takes 3-4 days
-polychromasia, basophilic stippling, nRBC, inc MCV
-horses |
|
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Term
| What are some examples of external blood loss? |
|
Definition
-wounds: castratin, dehorn, lacerations, dystocia
-intestinal parasites: Haemonchus, Bunostomum, flukes
-External parasites: lice, ticks, fleas
-GI bleeding: ulcers (cattle and pigs), diarrheal dz
-respiratory bleeding
-renal bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of internal blood loss? |
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Definition
-hemoabdomen: castration, uterine prolapse, liver fx
-hemothorax: trauma, tumor
-coagulopathy: moldy sweet clover, DIC, thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for the PCV/HCT to relfect blood loss anemia? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are reflective of blood loss anemia? |
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Definition
| -pallor, HR, RR, resp effort, pulse character, CRT, exercise intolerance, deprresion, possible aggression |
|
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Term
| How do we perform a cattle blood transfusion? |
|
Definition
-take baseline TPR
-start blood slowly for 15 min
-monitor q5min for transfusion reaction (fever, tachycardia, twitching, dyspnea, give NSAID and antihistamine)
-give at 10-20 ml/kghr |
|
|
Term
| What do we give for blood loss anemia if there is no blood available? |
|
Definition
-crystalloids: LRS, lasmalyte, 0.9% saline
-Hypertonic saline (7.2% NaCl) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major clinical difference b/n extravascular hemolysis and intravascular hemolysis? |
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Definition
| -intravascular hemolysis has hemoglobinuria while extravascular hemolysis does nt |
|
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Term
| What is an example of extravascular hemolysis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some examples of intravascular hemolysis? |
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Definition
| -copper toxicity, plant toxicity (onion, kale), bacillary hemoglobinuria, leptospirosis, postparturient hemoglobinuria, cold water erythrolysis |
|
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Term
| What does hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, and hematuria all look like? |
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Definition
-hemoglobinuria: pink plasma, clear urine color (pink), urine pink after spin
-myoglobinuria: normal plasma, clear uring color (brown), urine red/brown after spin
-hematuria: normal plasma, cloudy urine, red pellet after spin |
|
|
Term
| What are the agents behind Anaplasmosis in FA? |
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Definition
| -Anaplasma marginale & Anapamsa ovis |
|
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Term
| Where in the US is Anaplasmosis endemic? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Anaplasma ______ infects cattle and wild ruminants. In which group of animals is it severe? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the age-related susceptibility of Anaplsmosis. |
|
Definition
-young infected but no disease
-1-2y = mild disease
-3+ y = severe disease |
|
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Term
| Which wild ruminants can be affected and act as a reservoir of Anaplasmosis? Do they develop severe clinical disease? |
|
Definition
-deer, elk, and bison
-generally do not develop illness |
|
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Term
| What are the 2 primary methods of Anaplasmosis transmission? |
|
Definition
-vectors: Dermacenter ticks, flies, mosquitoes
-iatrogenically |
|
|
Term
| Describe the seasonality of Anaplasmosis. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in Oklahoma is Anaplasmosis endemic in OK? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Anaplasmosis. |
|
Definition
0prepatent period is 2-4w
-recovery = persisten infection bu generally immune to disease
-splenic and hepatic RE system removes infected RBCs and some induction of autoantibodies and removal of those RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of Anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
-signs of anemia: exercise intolerance, separation from herd, pallor, high HR/RR, depression, aggression
-fever: stay in pond
-constipation: brownish-orange mucus
-icterus: muzzle, sclera, vulva, prepuce, teats, mouth
-signifcant weight loss/ poor milk
-abortion common in convalescent period esp if in last trimester
-recovered animals are persistent carriers: for life |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Anaplasmosis in cattle? |
|
Definition
-overstress may result in death!!! no treatment may be the best treatment
-long-acting oxytetracylcing
-blood transfusion if severe anemia |
|
|
Term
| How do we control anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
-vector control: especially ticks
-prevent iatrogenic transmission
-parasite resistance (Bod insicus)
-prophylais with chlortetracycline
-vaccination
-clearing carrier state probably not possible
-detecting carrier state: cELISA, PCR |
|
|
Term
| What are the hemotropic mycoplasmas of cattle, camelids, pigs, and sheep? |
|
Definition
-cattle: Mycoplasma wenyonii
-camelids: M. haemolamae
-pigs: M. suis
-sheep: M. ovis |
|
|
Term
| How are heotropic mycoplasmas transmitted? |
|
Definition
-hematophagous insects
-iatrogenic blood transfer |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is disease due to hemotropic mycoplasmas common? |
|
Definition
| -stressed, young animals and sick, old animals |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of M. wenyonii in cattle? |
|
Definition
-low grade fever
-poor milk production
-swollen limbs, teats, scrotum, vasculitis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of M. haemolamae in camelids? |
|
Definition
-depression
-weakness: recumbency
-moderate to severe anemia
-profound hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat hemotropic mycoplasmas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for Babesia piroplasmosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is Babesia significant in cattle? Which species are in cattle? |
|
Definition
-FAD = REPORTABLE!!!
-B. bovies and B. bigemina |
|
|
Term
| How is babesia naturally transmitted? |
|
Definition
| -Boophilus spp (one--host tick) |
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate Babesia and Anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| -Babesia has hemoglobinuria!!! |
|
|
Term
| What are the Leptospira interrogans serovars that we are concerned about in FA? What is it most commonly associated with clinically? |
|
Definition
-pomona and icterohemorrhagiae
-most commonly involved with hemolytic crisis |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are infected with Lepto? Which animals get the resulting hemolytic syndrome? |
|
Definition
-cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs
-young ruminants |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of Leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
-fever
-depression
-icterus
-anemia
-petechial hemorrhages
-hemoglobinuria |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major public health concern with Leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for Bacillary hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animal is affected by bacillary hemoglobinuria? What is the etiologic agent? |
|
Definition
-cattle
-Clostridium novyi type D |
|
|
Term
| How is bacillary hemoglobinuria trasmitted? |
|
Definition
-ingestion: spores in lover
-Anaerobiasis: sporulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of bacillary hemoglobinuria |
|
Definition
-usually found dead
-depression, anorexia, fever, HEMOGLOBINURIA |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat bacillary hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we control bacillary hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
| -vaccine and fluke control |
|
|
Term
| What results in Heinz Body Hemolytic Anemia in general? What are some speciffic examples? |
|
Definition
-exposure to oxidizing agents
-many plant species: onions, Brassica species, red maple leaf (horses) |
|
|
Term
| What is cold water erythrolysis and in which situation does it commonly occur? |
|
Definition
-osmotic shock to RBCs: goes into abomasum and into SI quickly thus absorbed too quickly and causes hopotonic crisis
-trailered show cattle during the summer |
|
|
Term
| When is postparturient hemoglobinuria seen? How do we control it? |
|
Definition
-associated with marked hypophosphatemia in dairy cattle 2-4w PP
-control with dietary corrections |
|
|
Term
| Is Copper Toxicosis an acute highly fatal extravascular or intravascular hemolytic crisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals are most affected by copper toxicosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes copper toxicosis? |
|
Definition
| -long-term accumulation of Cu in hepatocytes = reaches cytotoxic level = death of hepatocytes = release of free Cu = oxidative damage ot RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What are some sources of Cu for copper toxicosis? |
|
Definition
-cattle/horse supplements or minerals
-chicken litter/swine manure on pastures
-chicken litter in rations
-fungicides
-foot baths
-iatrogenic |
|
|
Term
| What triggers copper toxicosis and what are some examples? |
|
Definition
-stress
-ex: weather, transport, starvation, commingling/fighting, working.shearing, concurrent liver insult |
|
|
Term
| What results from copper toxicosis in the body? |
|
Definition
| -hepatic necrosis, intravascualr hemolysis, severe anemia, methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuric nephrosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clincial signs of copper toxicosis? |
|
Definition
-acute death loss
-weakness, depression
-complete anorexia
-hemoglocinuria
-anemia: pallor, tachycardia, tachypnea
-icterus
-CNS: hepatic encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose copper toxicosis? |
|
Definition
-feeding historyy and clinical signs
-serum/tissue copper levels |
|
|
Term
| Which samples do we use to diagnose copper toxicosis for a peracute live case, herdmate, and postmortem diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we find on necropsy of copper toxicosis? |
|
Definition
-icterus and red urine
-liver often pale, yellow/bronze
-kidneys often dark red-black with metallic sheen (gun metal) |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat copper toxicosis? |
|
Definition
-minimize stress
-IV fluids
-oxygen
-clood transfusion if <10%
-vit E
-vit C
-chelation therapy |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent copper toxicosis? |
|
Definition
-feed sheep mineral
-caution with show supplements |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major categories of nonregenerative anemia? Give examples of each. |
|
Definition
-inadequate RBc pdn: iron/copper/cobalt deficiency
-bone marrow depression: Bracken Fern toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
-chronic glood loss
-microcytic hypochroic |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are most affected by iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
| -neonatal piglets and veal calves |
|
|
Term
| What is primary copper deficiency? What is secondary copper deficiency? |
|
Definition
-primary: diet deficient in copper
-secondary: antagonists: molybdenum, sinc, sulfur imbalances |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of copper deficiency? |
|
Definition
| -microcytic hyochrmic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are most affected by copper deficiency? |
|
Definition
| -young growing calves, lambs, kids |
|
|
Term
| What are some copper defiency syndromes? |
|
Definition
-reduced growth rate
-rough hair coat
-depigmentation: spectacled
-chronic diarrhea in adult cows
-osteoporosis: spontaneous fractures
-demyelinating syndrome: swayback or enzootic ataxia |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat copper deficiency? |
|
Definition
--diet supplementation
-injectable Cu glycinate
-copper oxide needles |
|
|
Term
| Is aplastic anemia common or rare? What causes it physiologically? What is the cause? |
|
Definition
-rare
-reduced bone marrow pdn of blood components
-bracken fern toxicity in rums |
|
|
Term
| Are cattle or sheep more susceptible to bracken fern toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the US does bracken fern toxicity mostly occur? |
|
Definition
| --Pacific NW and upper Midwest |
|
|
Term
| What does Bracken Fern Toxicity cause:? |
|
Definition
-cancer
-immunosuppression
-bone marrow suppression |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of bracken fern toxicity? |
|
Definition
-chronic blood loss = inc HR/RR
-intermittent hematuria
-pale mucous mems
-weight loss
-dec pdn
-pass blood clots in urine
-dysuria, pollakiuria |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of acquired coagulopathies? |
|
Definition
-moldy sweet clover toxicity
-oak toxicity
-BVDV induced thrombocytopenia
-Bovine neonatla pancytopenia
-DIC |
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