Term
| What are the 3 shunts of fetal circulation? |
|
Definition
Ductus Venosus
Crista Dividens
Ductus Arteriosis |
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Term
| What happens in the Ductus Venosus? |
|
Definition
| Blood bypasses hepatic circulation |
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Term
| What happens in the Ductus Arteriosus? |
|
Definition
| Blood bypasses lungs, right ventricle to aorta |
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|
Term
| What happens in the Crista Dividens? |
|
Definition
| Shunt through interatrial foramen ovule |
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Term
| What is the site of O2 and CO2 exchange in the fetal circulatory system |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the placenta function as? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When does the circulatory system transition to adult structure? |
|
Definition
| up to one year post natal. |
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|
Term
| What type of pressure if required for lung expansion? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does surfactant in the last 2 months before birth do and why is it critical? |
|
Definition
-Reduces surface tension of pulmonary fluid
-bubbly phospholipids
-major risk of premature birth of under developed lungs |
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|
Term
| Fetal gastrointestinal system |
|
Definition
-Fetus swallows amniotic fluid
-maturation of pancreas
-maturation of liver |
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|
Term
| What happens when the fetus swallows amniotic fluid? |
|
Definition
-Small intestine absorbs water, electrolytes, and glucose.
-large intestine traps fetal sloughed skin, upper GI cells, and bile meconium.
-No defecation in utero. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-makes insulin at 10 weeks
-decreases blood glucose levels
-fetus responsive to maternal glucose levels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glycogen stores increase in response to fetal adrenal corticosteroids. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Fetal Kidneys are functional |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-slow development in humans
-motor movement at 8-14 weeks
-well coordinated by 24 weeks
-complete myelination of cortex and spinal cord post natal. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-dependent on memory of past experience
-nociceptive receptors and reflex @ 18 weeks.
-Thalamocortical connections @ 24 weeks, end of second trimester. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-dependent on memory of past experience
-nociceptive receptors and reflex @ 18 weeks.
-Thalamocortical connections @ 24 weeks, end of second trimester. |
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Term
|
Definition
-development and preparation for birth
-calcium regulations
-throxine
-fetal adrenal glucocorticoids. |
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|
Term
| Fetal Thyroxine required for... |
|
Definition
-Maternal and Fetal thyroid
-bone and nervous system development |
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Term
|
Definition
-uterine contractions
-labor
-duration |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-myometrial muscle cells of upper portion of uterus
-shift from quiescent to contractile state.
-brachystasis (following contraction, muscle fibers fail to regain initial length. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1- latent (3cm cervix)
active (10 cm cervix)
2-Full dilation to complete delivery
3- delivery of placenta |
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|
Term
| critical hormones for fetus and delivery |
|
Definition
relaxin prostaglandins
oxytocin |
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|
Term
| DO humans have elevated estrogens relative to progesterone? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the max growth velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth and size is under what type of selection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fetal Biosynthesis of androgens |
|
Definition
-occurs in the liver
-returns androgens to placenta, aromatized to estriol
- estriol released into fetal and maternal tissues |
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|
Term
| Mechanisms of transferring across placenta |
|
Definition
Diffusion (SImple and Facilitated)
-Special Transport (requires energy, active) |
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|
Term
| Fetal O2 trapping mechanisms |
|
Definition
Fetal Hemoglobin
any given O2 tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Globin AA chaines (and genes encoding) are different
different binding capacities
gene switching |
|
|
Term
| types of fetal accumulation of fat stores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| maternal fetal growth control |
|
Definition
| modulate calorie intake and metabolic activity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Somatomedins
- IGF 1- Fetal Growth
- IGF 2- placental growth and transports mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbs 50%
Fats 35 %
amino acids 15% |
|
|
Term
| after how many weeks if maternal placental steroidogenesis not necessary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcium- transfer against a concentration gradient via calcium pump (fetal ossification)
Iron- bound by transferrin, extra iron released into fetal blood
immunoglobulin G- endo and exocytosis |
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|
Term
| percent of conceptions that do not survive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| challenges to successful pregnancy |
|
Definition
-early fetal loss
-chromosomal abnormalities
-placental defects
-poor trophoblast invasion
-failied vascular remodeling |
|
|
Term
| major pregnancy disorders |
|
Definition
immune reactions
maternal control of invasiveness
fetal protection from attack
preeclampsia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
site of implantation
posterior uterine wall in humans |
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