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Definition
| Influence of real, imagined or implied presence of others |
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| Application of Social Psych |
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Definition
• Business fields
• Industrial/organizational psych
• Politics
• Education |
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Program of shared rules that govern community or society
Includes value & belief systems |
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Effects of real or imagined others
Impacted by attitudes, beliefs, decisions & actions |
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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
• Behavior is contagious, modeled by one followed by another
• We follow behavior of others to conform |
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| Group Pressure & Conformity |
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Definition
(Asch, 1955 - Line Test)
• An influence resulting form one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
v |
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| Conditions that Strengthen Conformity |
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Definition
1. One is made to feel incompetent or insecure
2. The group has at least three people
3. The group is unanimous
4. One admires the group's status and attractiveness
5. One has no prior commitment or response
6. The group observes one's behavior
7. One's culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard |
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Term
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Definition
Desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
• Tendency to ignore or discredit information contrary to group's position
• Stereotyping of "out-group" members
• Feelings of invulnerability
• Belief that group is always right
• Strong pressure to conform |
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Term
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Definition
1. Foot-in-the-door
Ask for something small, then ask for something big
2. Door-in-the-face
Opposite
3. Lowball
Raise cost after commitment
4. That's-not-all
Adding things on to increase compliance |
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Definition
Studied by Stanley Milgram
• Compliance due to perceived authority of asker
• Request perceived as command |
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| Stanley Milgram: Obedience Study |
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Definition
Studied the effects of authority on obedience
• Participants ("teachers") instructed to give electric shocks to another person ("learner") pretending to be shocked (2/3 went to max of 450V) |
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Term
| Lessons from the Conformity & Obedience Studies |
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Definition
In Both Asch's and Milgram's studies, participants were:
• Pressured to follow their standards
• Be responsive to others
• In Milgram's study, participants were torn between hearing the victims pleas and the experimenter's orders
• Obedience to authority usually won out over kindness |
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Definition
1/3 of the individuals in Milgram's study resisted social coercion
(Tienanmen Square) |
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Definition
| Others' presence improves performance |
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Definition
| When working on same task, others' presence leads to less effort |
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Definition
Tendency to respond positively or negatively toward people, ideas, etc.
• A belief & feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, & events
• Ex. If we believe a person is mean, we may feel dislike for the person and act in an unfriendly manner |
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| Three Components of Attitude |
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Definition
I like country music
I think country music is better than any other kind of music
I buy country music CDs every chance I get |
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| Attempt to change another's attitude via argument, explanation, etc. |
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Definition
1. Source - expert
2. Message - language, message itself
3. Target Audience - relates to intended audience |
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| Elaboration Likelihood Model |
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Definition
Central Route
Peripheral Route |
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Definition
• The speaker is clear.
• I am personally interested in the topic.
• I am motivated to apply the speaker’s ideas. |
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Definition
• The speaker seems to be an expert.
• He is neatly dressed.
• I am tired.
• The talk is too long. |
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Definition
When attitude & behavior conflict
• To relieve ourselves of this tension we bring our attitudes closer to our actions (Festinger, 1957)
• ...or change our behavior |
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| Person behind Attribution Theory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Suggested we tend to give causal explanations for someone's behavior
• The situation (the environment)
• ...or the person's disposition (personality characteristic) |
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| Personality or Situation? |
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Definition
A teacher may wonder whether a child's hostility reflects
1. An aggressive personality - dispositional attitude
2. ...or a reaction to stress or abuse - situational attitude |
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Definition
• Dispositions - enduring personality traits
• A quiet & shy child, is likely to be like that in a number of situations. |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error: |
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Definition
• Over estimate the impact of personal disposition
• Underestimate the impact of the situations
In analyzing the behaviors of others |
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An unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members
Often directed towards different cultural, ethnic , or gender groups |
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| Treating other differently because of prejudice |
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Definition
In-groups and out-groups
Realistic conflict theory
Scapegoating
Stereotype vulnerability
Self-fulfilling Prophecy |
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Definition
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Term
| Realistic conflict theory |
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Definition
| prejudice and discrimination will be increased between groups that are in conflict over a limited resource. |
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Definition
| tendency to direct p & d to out-groups w/o power |
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Definition
| the effect that people’s awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior. |
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| the tendency of one’s expectations to affect one’s behavior in such a way as to make the expectations more likely to occur |
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| the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison. |
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Definition
| mentally assigning people into different groups based on common characteristics |
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| Identification (Social Identity) |
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Definition
| the part of the self-concept including one’s view of self as a member of a particular social category |
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Definition
| The comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem |
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Definition
Boys assigned to one of three groups competing with each other
1. Within-group solitary
2. Negative stereotyping of other groups
3. Hostile between-group interactions |
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Definition
Overcoming prejudice through:
• Equal status contact
• Common goals (intergroup dependence)
• One-on-one interactions |
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| Interpersonal interaction |
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Definition
| Liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person |
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Term
| Factors of Rules of Attraction |
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Definition
• Proximity
• Similarity
• Reciprocity - like people who like in return |
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| Person behind Triangle Model of Love |
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Definition
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| Triangle Model of Love: Different Forms of Love |
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Definition
• Liking - Intimacy only
• Companionate - Intimacy and commitment
• Empty - commitment only
• Fatuous - passion & commitment
• Infatuation - passion only
• Romantic - intimacy and passion
• Consummate (rare, center of triangle) - Intimacy, passion, and commitment |
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| Deliberate behavior intended to hurt or destroy another organism |
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Definition
• Frustration --> aggression
• Biological
○ Amygdala, low serotonin, high testosterone
• Observation
○ Media violence |
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Term
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Definition
| Philip Zimbardo(1972) assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to student volunteers in the basement of the psych department at Stanford |
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Definition
| Pattern of behavior expected of a person in a particular social position |
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The power of social influence is enormous, but so is the power of the individual.
Ex. Gandhi |
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Term
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Definition
An unselfish regard for the welfare of others
• Altruism & prosocial behavior
• Bystander Effect
• Diffusion of Responsibility
○ Fewer bystanders --> less diffusion of responsibility --> help |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
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