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| Who demonstrated the ease with which operant principles can be applied to human behavior? |
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| a reinforcer no longer follows a response |
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| why do we emit learned responses in situations similar to the one in which learning originally occurred? |
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| if a child says "truck" while holding a toy truck and is then reinforced this is an example of a(n) |
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| this reinforcement schedule produces extremely high rates of responding and is thought to characterize individuals doing piecework or working for a commission |
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| skinner believed that behavior should be controlled by the use of |
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| with the procedure called ____ a child is denied access to positive reinforcers for a certain period of time |
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| time out from reinforcement |
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| what is a term used to describe any approach to therapy that is based on a learning theory? |
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| according to Skinner, what will help solve many of the worlds problems? |
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| chomsky's explanation of language development is that |
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| our brain is structured to generate language |
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| according to operant theory, the best way to teach a complex skill is to |
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| divide the skill into basic components and gradually shape it into existence one step at a time |
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| an operant response that is made under one set of circumstances but not under others is termed |
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| in the process of chaining, secondary reinforcers develop two functions. What are they? |
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| they reinforce the response that preceded them... they act as a discriminative stimulus for the next response |
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| according to the skinnerians, abnormal behavior is caused by |
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| reinforcement contingencies |
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| what occurs when a response removed something the organism foes not want |
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| the tokens used in token economies are___ reinforcers |
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| what is a positive contribution made by skinner's theory? |
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| it has widespread applied value, it provides a scientifically rigorous explanation of human behavior, it synthesizes and explains large amounts of information |
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| what kind of behavior appears to be simply emitted by the organism rather than elicited by a known stimulus |
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| what are the two components of the shaping process? |
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| differential reinforcement and successive approximations |
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| "pass the potatoes" is an example of a verbal response called what? |
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| the two important effects on behavior that partial reinforcement schedules have are |
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| they increase rate of responding/they increase resistance to extinction |
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| when a certain response must be made in order to make a reinforcer available, the arrangement is called |
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| a problem with using punishment to control behavior is that? |
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| it indicated what the organism should not do, not what is should do, it can justify inflicting pain on others, and it often replaces one undesirable response with another undesirable response |
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| what is the term used to describe any approach to therapy that is based on a learning theory |
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| what has skinner's theory been criticized for what? |
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| it generalizes too readily from nonhuman animals to humans, it raises questions as to whom will do the planning and controlling in a cultural engineering program, by ignoring mental and emotional events it ignores the most important aspects of humans |
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| to the behaviorist, learning principles |
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| are the same for all living organisms. |
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| what is the most important characteristic of operant behavior? |
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| it is under the control of its consequences |
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| with successive approximation, the responses reinforced are those that are |
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| increasingly similar to the response ultimately desired |
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| according to skinner, what is most human behavior controlled by? |
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| a situation in which what one person says acts as a discriminative stimulus for a response from the second person, and the second person's response not only rewards the first person's response but acts as a discriminative stimulus for another response is a form of what? |
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| individuals working for a fixed weekly or monthly salary are on what type of reinforcement schedule? |
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| superstitious behavior results from what? |
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| noncontingent reinforcement |
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| what characterized Walden Two? |
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| education was individualized |
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| according to skinner, the environemnt ___ behavior |
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| pavlovian or classical conditioning contains the following events |
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| unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response |
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| what explains why we emit learned responses in situations similar to the one in which learning originally occurred? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the process of chaining, secondary reinforcers develop two functions, what are they? |
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Definition
| they reinforce the response that preceded them... they act as a discriminative stimulus for the next response |
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Term
| with this type of reinforcement schedule, the organism is reinforced for a response made at the end of variable time intervals |
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| what % of parents in the US use corporal punishment on their children? |
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| alex has decided to enter into an agreement with another person. Alex will pay that person $11 with the understanding that he (alex) will get his money back in 10$ installments, as he loses a specified amount of weight each week. what is this an example of? |
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| who has been the most sever critic of skinners explanation of language? |
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