the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension

EX: thirst, hunger

inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives

EX: food (nutrients), water

any external object or event that  motivates behavior

EX: winning a gold medal, getting a diploma

want to meet needs to progress up the pyramid

[image]

hungry ---------------------> find food

drive ----motivation----> drive reduction

• fighting
• fleeing
• feeding
• fornicating

• smell of food
• culture
• environment---> EX: study showed conflict at dinner table caused eating disorders
• body weight
• incentive for thinness
• increase in obesity

• restrictive
• semi-restrictive
• permissive

What are the views of sex in a restrictive society?

0 -------------- 3 -------------- 6

heterosexual      bisexual     homosexual

• prenatal environment
• receive high testosterone --> attracted to women
• receive low levels of testosterone --> attracted to men
• hypothalamus is larger in men, but smaller in gay men and women
• genetic influence
• men with more older brothers can be gay because mothers do not produce as much androgens in the belly
• social influence - child play, and peer relations
• ALL ACADEMICS AGREE THAT IT IS A MIXTURE OF BOTH!

• physical and psychological health problems

• cloth mom and wire mom with bottle/food
• baby stayed with cloth mom only until starving went and ate and then returned to comforting mom

1. motivation to succeed
2. expectation of success
3. incentive value
• important to you
• greater difficulty lower odds leads to greater meaningfullness which leads to greater motivation

stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses such as anger

EX: "bubbly/happy person"

"angry/mean person"

set of emotions common to all humans

• anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise

• types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by societies rules
• embarassment, pride, guilt, humiliation, shame

the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare; it drives the process by which emotions are elicited

EX: "roommate trying to piss me off" vs. "my roommate is super clumsy"

a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of emotion

EX: rather than lashing out, "bite your tongue"

1. physiological changes
• increased heart rate and respiration
• ANS
2. behavioral/expressive changes
• facial behavior and vocal intonation
• FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
3. subjective changes
• how an emotion feels--> anger vs. sadness vs. happiness

the idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective experience

EX: "I am trembling, therefore I am afraid" "I have a lump in my throat, therefore I am sad"

• fear, rage, anger
• emotional valence of experience

• appraisal and reappraisal
• impulse control
• left PFC
• positive emotion
• right PFC
• generally negative

interoception: physical feelings such as pain, empathy and disgust

EX: "broken heart"

• men and women experience the same emotions
• men & women describe emotions differently
• women have larger emotional vocabularies
• social influences impact emotions

• allows humans to deal with immediate stressors
• focuses on single challenge or threat
• fight or flight: SNS arousal

• broaden and build model
• broaden focus
• build recources for later
• parasmpathetic nervous system response

• gratitude- journal what grateful for will increase mood
• acts of kindness- if done will increase mood
• forgiveness- letting go of grudges will increase mood
• savoring- being in the moment will increase mood
• mindfulness/meditation- being aware of surroundings will increase mood
• strengths- love of learning, humility

• close relationships
• job satisfaction

• health
• religion

• money (after exceeding poverty level, money does not predict life satisfaction AT ALL)
• attractiveness

• examines peoples thoughts, feelings, and behavior in relation to the social world
• real or imagined presence of others

judgements about the causes of our own and other people's behaviors

• personal (internal) attributions
• situational (external) attributions

the tendency to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms

• underestimate the impact of the situation (external attribution)
• overestimate the role of personal factors
• (internal attribution)

the tendency to make situational attributions for our failures but personal attributions for our successes

• attribute our success to personal factors
• "I got the internship because im a good worker"
• attribute our failures to situational factors
• "I got fired because my boss is unfair"

• our expectations affect our behavior towards a person
• the person then behaves in a way that confirms our expectations

Attitude example: Cougar Fan

What are examples of the three components of attitude?

• Affective: enthusiasm about the cougars
• Cognitive: knowledge about the players and stats
• Behavioral: goes to all games

feeling indebted

EX: receiving a small gift in the mail from someone hoping you will donate

large request--->small request

EX: car salesman- offer car for $40,000, "NO WAY!" then offer car for $25,000, "Yea! What a deal!?"

small request--->large request

EX: telemarketer- "can you talk for just a minute?" ACTUALLY WAY LONGER!

• often implicit and unspoken
• regulate daily behavior w/o our concious awareness

• type of social norm
• dictated by the situation/environment that you find yourself in
• stanford prison experiment
• bar experiment- everyone acting drunk although some had BAC of 0.0

• in-group favoritism
• out-group derogation
• out-group homogeneity
• situation attributions
• exceptionality
• EX: "all husky fans are rude, violent, but that one person is just the exception"

• ignoring or excluding someone
• effects
• same neural activity as physical pain
• reduces self esteem and feelings of control
• increase conformity

• prejudice=beliefs
• based on stereotypes (schemas of how people are based on group membership)

discrimination=behavior

• microaggressions
• brown eye blue eye experiment

implicit prejudice

hidden from public view

(implicit association test)

• self conciousness among stereotyped group members
• fear that they will live up to other people's stereotypes
• can occur even if group members do not accept the stereotype themselves

makes beliefs more extreme

• inhibition is lower
• "people dont know who I am, I am just one of the crowd"

"others know better"

EX: in unsure situation ---> look around to other people who know whats going on

"I want to be accepted/fit in"

EX: all my friends wear jeans ---> so I want to too!

• which comparison line is the same length?
• 37% of participants confirmed to the incorrect group answer
• when the rest of the group gave the wrong answer so did the subject

• group size
• small group less likely to conform vs. large group more likely
• presence of dissenter ---> one dissenter greatly decreases conformity
• culture

• remoteness of the victim
• closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure
• pressence of dissenter/rebels
• NO DIFFERENCE by gender or other personal characteristics

related to emotions (feeling angry so act out)

EX: someone calls you a name, you get pissed, so you punch them

trying to achieve a goal

EX: understudy in play, so you sabotage the star so that you can perform

type of reciprocal altruism

help someone to expect something in return

empathy-altruism

you help other people because you honestly feel for them

EX: working at a soup kitchen for the homeless

• Kitty was mugged
• lots of witnesses but no one called 911
• bystander effect

• diffusion of responsibility
• conformity
• EX: "figured someone else already called"

• identifying that someone needs help
• self-efficacy: ability to help
• responsibility
• individual factors
• similarity --> help people in "in group" vs. "out group"
• gender --> men are not likely to help other men in need while women are more likely

• proximity
• mere exposure effect
• similarity
• physical attractiveness (ASSORTIVE MATING)
• more likely to be attracted to someone of similar attractiveness

• averaged faces are more symmetrical
• effect is found across cultures

• criticism
• contempt
• defensiveness
• stonewalling

• low intensity conflict
• respect
• partners soothe each other
• higher ratio of positive to negative interactions