devise a test to identify mentally deficient students

Mental Age - average age at which students earn a particular score

Chronological Age - actual age of test taker

Intelligence Quotient - MA/CA x 100

Normal Frequency Distribution 

1. Reliability 

correlation of one set of a measure's scores another set of a measure's scores 

acceptable correlation of .70 or above

2. Validity 

correlation of a measure with a related measures

correlation of WAIS and WPT = .90

proof that tests work and measure the same

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

WAIS

• given picture red and white assembling blocks to make picture
• sequence logically 
• two hours to assess intelligence

Wonderlic Personnel Test 

WPT

• 12 minutes 
• paper-pencil 
• 50 questions

• Minnesota twin cities
• studied twins what;s impact of environment and genetics
• Don't generalize different cultures
• intelligence is mostly due to nature

• Average intelligence scores increase with each generation 
• Nutrition, enriched environment, intellectually demanding work, technology, exposure to tests
• increases are leveling off
• groups that have less access to good nutrition, testing, enriched environment will continue to increase
• link between iodized salt and intelligence  
• supports nurture argument

• genetically determined limits to intelligence for each person 
• estimated to be 25 IQ points on average
• Actual IQ score within the range depends on environment
• Supports influence of both nature and nurture

Asian

Caucasian 

Hispanic

African American

• the pressure that a person can feel when he/she could confirm a negative stereotype about his/her group
• knowledge of stereotype hurts performance 
• applies to members of any group with a negative stereotype

• definition based on how it is measured
• "g"- the one general factor of intelligence 
• intelligence is multidimensional  
• Genies IQ man

Fleishman's cognitive abilities 

• 21 cognitive abilities
• all highly correlated
•  measuring academic intelligence- "g"
• psychologists need to define intelligence more broadly

1. Analytical Intelligence

2. Practical Intelligence

3. Creative Intelligence

• same as academic intelligence- "g"
• Measured by conventional IQ/CA tests
• Very good reliability and validity 

Practical Intelligence

• Ability to solve problems in everyday life
• measured by Situational Judgment Tests
• solid reliability and validity 
• "street smarts"

Creative Intelligence 

• ability to generate new ideas and be inventive when faced with novel problems
• brainstorming number of ideas, quality of ideas
• questionable reliability and validity 

Dimensions:

1. Awareness of own emotions and ability to express them 

2. ability to read others' emotions

3. ability to control own emotions and others' emotions

4. ability to regulate emotions to perform effectively 

• emotional intelligence book 
• delayed gratification 
• bells and candy; ring bell to get candy before lady returns
• try to control impulses

objective measures

self-report measures

situational judgement test

• read others' emotions depicted in pictures
• too simplistic
• MSCEIT to measure different emotional intelligence: picture: what emotion

• designed to assess other dimensions of EI
• Self-assessment but susceptible to social desirability (faking) 

• attempt to measure other dimensions without faking 
• too simplistic 
• answer key issue 
• description is vague 
• rely of emotion experts

Paul Ekman's Research 

6 cross-culture, universal emotions

1. anger

2. disgust 

3. fear

4. happiness

5. sadness

6. surprise

sometimes (contempt is included)

Facial Action Coding System 

FACS

Ekman and Frieson

• complex coding system for facial expressions 
• 46 expressions
• 10,000 micro-expressions 
• most basic facial muscle movements

Pan-American Smile

Voluntary, insincere smile

flight attendants

• breathing cardiovascular activity and perspiration
• National Academy of Science - "useless"
• physiological arousal similar for many emotions

• response to a joke or requested to smile 
• guess whether smile is genuine or fake

• fMRI
• EEG
• Eye Scans
• Facial Cues

• frontal lobe and anterior cingulate
• 90-93% accurate
• expensive and time consuming 

• electrodes on head
• 86% accurate 
• expensive and time consuming 

Eye Scans

• boost blood flow around eyes increases temperature
• 84% accurate
• expensive and time consuming

• micro-expressions 
• Ekman
• 76% accurate

No relationship to happiness

• physical attractiveness 
• money 
• age 
• parenthood 
• intelligence

moderate relationship to happiness

• health 
• social activity

strong relationship with happiness 

• Love 
• personality 
• work 
• marriage

Percentage of happiness that is related to 

genetics: 50%

life circumstance: 10%

intentional activities : 40%

Qualities related to happiness

• optimism 
• setting goals
• ability to nurture meaningful relationships

gratitude

forgiveness 

relationships 

savor moment

three good things

lowers depression 

increase in happiness 

people were happier than those who didn't do it

Happiest Country 

characeteristics

• feeling people will be taken care of 
• people don't choose careers based on income or status
• people are social 
• in a post-consumer society
• trust each other