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| the mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using information and that include sensation, perception, imagery, concept formation, reasoning, decision making, problem solving, and language |
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| the representation in the mind of a sensory experience --- visual, auditory, gustatory, motor olfactory, or tactile |
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| a mental category used to represent a class or group of objects, people, organizations, events, situations, or relations that share common characteristics or attributes |
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| a concept that is clearly defined by a set of rules, a formal definition, or a classification system |
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| a concept acquired not from a definition but through everyday perceptions and experiences |
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| an example that embodies the most common and typical features of a concept |
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| the individual instances, or examples, of a concept that are stored in memory from personal experience |
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| the process of considering alternatives and choosing among them |
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| a decision-making approach in which alternatives are evaluated against criteria that have been ranked according to importance |
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| a rule of thumb that is derived from experience and used in decision making and problem solving, even though there is no guaranteed of its accuracy or usefulness |
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| a cognitive rule of thumb that says that the perceived probability of an event or the importance assigned to it is based on its availability in memory |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| a thinking strategy based on how closely a new object or situation is judged to resemble or match an existing prototype of that object or situation |
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| a strategy in which decision making stops as soon as a factor that moves one toward a decision has been recognized |
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| the way information is presented so as to emphasize either a potential gain or a potential loss as the outcome |
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| rapidly formed judgements based on "gut feelings" or "instincts" |
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| overestimation of the importance of a factor by focusing on it to the exclusion of other relevant factors |
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| thoughts and actions required to achieve a desired goal that is not readily attainable |
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| a rule of thumb that applies a solution that solved a problem in the past to a current problem that shares many features with the past problem |
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| a heuristic strategy in which a person discovers the steps needed to solve a problem by defining the desired goal and working backward to the current condition; also called backward search |
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| overestimation of the importance of a factor by focusing on it to the exclusion of other relevant factors |
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| a heuristic strategy in which the current position is compared with the desired goal and a series of steps are formulated and taken to close the gap between them |
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| a systematic, step-by-step procedure, such as a mathematical formula, that guarantees a solutions to a problem of a certain type if applied appropriately and executed properly |
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Definition
| the failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems because of a tendency to view objects only in terms of their customary functions |
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Definition
| the tendency to apply a familiar strategy to the solution of a problem without carefully considering the special requirements of that problem |
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