Term
|
Definition
| Causitive agent, transmission, most important signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention. |
|
|
Term
| Entamoeba histolica (Protozoa) |
|
Definition
| Amoebic dysentery - can die from diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ordinarily inhabit standing water, comes in through the nasal passages through the sinuses and into the brain causing meningioencephalitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through the water, but mostly in contact lens wearers, causes primary acute meningioencephalitis and blindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only ciliated protozoa that can cause infection, humans ingest cycts through food or water assocated with cattle. Causes diarrhea withouth intestinal damage
*Treatment: Antiprotozoan, clean water, and thoroughly cooked food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes STD called trichomoniasis, or contractable through natural water source. Gas producer/skin irritation
-Female Symptoms: Green discharge
-Male Symptoms: Urethritis
*Treatment is antiprotozoan, sexual prevention, and use of clean water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Associated with animals including coyotes, beavers, cattle, cats and humans.
Organism is shed in feces. Causes giardiasis and sulfur belching*
*Treatment is boiling, ozone, and iodine. |
|
|
Term
| Hemoflagellates (4 Kinds) |
|
Definition
Amastigote
Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote |
|
|
Term
| Amastigote (Hemoflagellates) |
|
Definition
| The form lacking a free flagellum |
|
|
Term
| Promastigote (Hemoflagellates) |
|
Definition
| The stage bearing a single, anterior flagellum |
|
|
Term
| Epimastigote (Hemoflagellates) |
|
Definition
| The flagellate stage (curved, interior flagella) |
|
|
Term
| Trypomastigote (Hemoflagellates) |
|
Definition
| Large, fully formed stage (with fins and curve/flagella) |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma brucei (African Sleeping Sickness) |
|
Definition
| Spread by tsetse flies, enter bloodstream and outnumber RBCs, causing person to go into a coma and die due to lack of O2 |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' disease) |
|
Definition
Reduviid bug (kissing bug) bites near mouth and poops in wound, trypanisomes enter the blood. Similar to brucei, no sleeping. Extreme organ dammage. Prevalent in road kill animals.
Heart muscles and large intestine harbor masses of amastigotes, chronic inflammation occurs in organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leishmaniasis caused by sand flu
-Cutaneous: Baghdad boil, localized ulcerated sore
-Espundia: Skin and mucous membrane infection of the head; chronic infection
-Systemic: High intermittent fever, weight loss **Kala alazar |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium (Apicomplexa)
P. malariae, P. vivax, *P. falciparum, P. ovale |
|
Definition
| Malaria, dominant rotozoan disease, obligate intracellular sporozoan. Spread by female Anopheles mosquito, blood transfusions, and mother to fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 life cycles Sporozoit -> shizogony -> merozoit
-Asexual (human host infected by female mosquito by sporozoit which localizes in liver, then undergoes schizogony generating multiple merozoits which enter circulation in 5-16 days) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In cat poop, lives naturally in cats that harbor oocysts in the GI tract (ingesting raw meats or substances contaminated by cat feces)
*Treatment is antiprotozoans |
|
|
Term
| Sarcocystis (Sarcocystosis) |
|
Definition
| Parasites of cattle, swine, and sheep (picked up infected cysts while grazing on grass contaminated with human feces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contaminated water, abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea.
*Treatment is antiprotozoans, immuno-compromised might not recover. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Associated with produce that haven't been washed (oral-fecal transmission). Watery diarrhea, cramps, bloating, fever etc.
*Treatment is antiprotozoans if caught. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Readwater fever of cattle (first tick-bourne vector), cyclic fever in humans (hot, sweat, cold, repeat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large, intestinal roundworm indigenous to humans spread by infected feces. |
|
|
Term
| Trichuris trichuria (Whipworm Infection) |
|
Definition
| Causes rectal prolapse in humans and dysentery (fatal) |
|
|
Term
| Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm Infection) |
|
Definition
Fecal-oral contamination. Enterobiasis
*treated by antihelminthic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May cause pneumonia, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and bloody diarrhea (blood loss is significant - anemia) |
|
|
Term
| Strongyloides stercorlis (Threadworm) |
|
Definition
| Penetrates the skin, inflammation of the lungs, eosinophilia, bloody diarrhea, liver enlargement, bowel obstruction, and malabsportion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acquired from eating undercooked pork or bear meat (No cure after larvae have encysted) |
|
|
Term
| Wucherereia bancrofti (Elephantiasis) |
|
Definition
| Tropical infection spread by mostuqitos, vectors deposit larvae which move into the closed lympatic system and develop into adults. Chronic infection causes blockage of lympatic circulation and elephantiasis. Massive swelling of the extremities. |
|
|
Term
| Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness) |
|
Definition
| Transmitted by biting black flies, larvae develop into adults in subcutaneous tissues and adult females migrate via the blood into the eyes, provoking inflammatory rxns. |
|
|
Term
| Loa loa (African Eye Worm) |
|
Definition
| Spread by bite of small flies, can be pulled out from a small hole in the conjunctiva. |
|
|
Term
| Schistosomes (Trematodes) |
|
Definition
| Intestines or bladder, adult flukes live in humans who release eggs into water; early larva (miracidium) develops in fresh water snail into the 2nd larva (cercaria) - this larva penetrates human skin and causes organ enlargement |
|
|
Term
Liver Flukes
-Clonorchis
-Fasciola hepatica |
|
Definition
Clonorchis is associated between mammals and snails and fish; humans are infected by eating inadequately cooked fish containing cercariae (crawl into bile duct, mature, and shed eggs into fecces; snails are infected)
-Fasciola hepatica: cycles between herbivores (raw aquatic plants) fluke lodges in liver |
|
|
Term
| Paragonimus werstermani (Lung Fluke) |
|
Definition
| Cycles between carniverous animals, snails, and crustaceans; humans are infected by eating undercooked crustaceans; intestinal worms migrate to lungs. |
|
|
Term
| Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm) |
|
Definition
| Scolex, humans are difinitive host, from undercooked beef (i.e. carpaccio) |
|
|
Term
| Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm) |
|
Definition
| Infects humans through ingesting cysts or eggs, which can go up into the brain causing seizures, psychiatric disturbances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Contact (attachment)
2. Colonization
3. Invasion (microbes go through defense system or enter sterile tissue systems)
4. Infection (multiplication w.i tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microbes that occupy the body for short periods (eg. vaginal/menstrual) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microbes that have become established, e.g. skin, upper respiratory, GI (NOT STOMACH), urethra, ear canal, eye, mouth
gas producers in L.I.
Maintenance: Probiotics, antibiotics, dietary changes, and diseases may alter. |
|
|
Term
| Figure 13.7 pg 395** Factors in developing an infection |
|
Definition
| Old age, youth, genetic disorders, surgery, transplants, organic disease i.e. cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes, chemo therapy, stress, location etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes disease in a healthy person |
|
|
Term
| Opportunistic Pathogen (Define) |
|
Definition
| Causes disease in a weaker person (e.g. Candida albicans, Pseudomans species) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strength of a patogen, characteristics or structure that contributes to disease and helps them avoid the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By physical break (worms and arthopods, vector based) |
|
|
Term
Portals of Entry
-Mucous Membrane |
|
Definition
| Eyes nose, mouth (GI), vagina, anus, urinary, respiratory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transplacental, breastmilk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other (Hep. B, HIV, chlamydia), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gaining a stable foothold at the portal of entry |
|
|
Term
| Ways of Attachment (Adhesion) |
|
Definition
| Fimbrae, Glycocalyx, Cilia, Suckers/Hooks, Barbs, Viral Spikes |
|
|
Term
Surviving Host Defenses
Staphylococcus/Streptococcus |
|
Definition
| Produce leukocidins, toxic to white blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dissolve extracellular barriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capacity to produce toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incubation, Prodromal, Invasion, (Convalescence) |
|
|
Term
| Localized Infection (Define) |
|
Definition
| Microbes enter the body and remain confined to a specific tissue |
|
|
Term
| Systemic Infection (Define) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Started locally and spread throughout (e.g. Lyme disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different microbes growing simultaneously (polymicrobial) |
|
|
Term
| Primary Infection (Define) |
|
Definition
| Initial infection (first) |
|
|
Term
| Secondary (Opportunistic) Infection (Define) |
|
Definition
| Another infection by a different microbe (may take advantage of a weakened host) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comes on Rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Infection (Define) |
|
Definition
| Progresses and persists over a long period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Something you can physically look for
-E.g. Blood pressure, rash, fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Something the patient is feeling
E.g. chills, pain, nausea, headache, weakness, cramps (prodromal phase of infection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granulomas and Abcesses (Define) |
|
Definition
| Walled off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Swelling of the lymph vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Septicemia (Define) 3 Types |
|
Definition
| Microbes multiplying in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Septicemia - Bactermia (Define) |
|
Definition
| Bacteria multiplying in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Septicemia - Viremia (Define) |
|
Definition
| Viruses multiplying in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Septicemia - Toxemia (Define) |
|
Definition
| Toxins multiplying in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No outward signs of disease, or an inapparent infection so the person does not seek medical attention (e.g. HIV, Herpes) |
|
|
Term
| Portals of Exit (Respiratory) |
|
Definition
| Mucus, sputum, nasal drainage, saliva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skin, fecal, urogenital, removal of blood by would or sample |
|
|
Term
| Persistence - Latency (Define) |
|
Definition
| Will not go into convalescence over time |
|
|
Term
| Persistence - Chronic Carrier (Define) |
|
Definition
| Will not go into convalescence ever |
|
|
Term
| Persistence - Sequele (Define) |
|
Definition
| Long term permanent damage to tissues or organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary habitat of the pathogen (e.g. soil, food source, water, human, animal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Index case - originator of the infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others; may or may not have experienced disease due to microbe |
|
|
Term
| Asymptomatic Carrier (Define) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incubation Carrier (Define) |
|
Definition
| Spread infectious agent during the incubation period |
|
|
Term
| Convalescent Carrier (Define) |
|
Definition
| Recuperating without symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| E.g. Contaminated health care provider, doesn't actually get the infections agent. *fomites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inanimate objects that can transmit infection, like health care equipment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans (including insects) |
|
|
Term
| Communicable Diseases (Define) |
|
Definition
| Transmits from one person to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Very easily transmitted (highly communicable) |
|
|
Term
| Non-communicable (Define) |
|
Definition
| Does not arise through transmission from host to host |
|
|
Term
| Patterns of Transmission - Direct Contact (Define) |
|
Definition
| Physical contact or by fine aerosol droplets (E.g. wound, skin, sex, kissing, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Patterns of Transmission - Indirect Contact (Define) |
|
Definition
| Inanimate materials (fomites), food, water, biological products pass from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host. |
|
|
Term
| Nosocomial Infections (Define) |
|
Definition
| Diseases that are acquired or developed during a hospital stay |
|
|
Term
| Universal Precautions (Define) |
|
Definition
| PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), gloves, masks, gowns, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and health-related factors in human populations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collecting, analyzing, and reporting data on rates of occurrence, mortality, morbidity, and transmission of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Always present in the population (e.g. Tick-bourn illnesses, STIs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A high number of cases in irregular intervals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A high prevalence and incidence of cases beyond expectation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Worldwide (continental) involvement (at least 2 continents) |
|
|
Term
| Koch's Postulates of Determining Causitive Agents |
|
Definition
1. All cases must have the same signs and symptoms of a particular microbe.
2. Isolate (grow out in a pure culture) the microbe from the infected subject.
3. Inoculate a susceptible host within the range and observe resultant disease.
4. Re-isolate the agent from this subject. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prion
Endospore (Sterilize)
Acid Fast Bacteria (Disinfect)
Protozoan Cysts
Gram -
Fungal
Viruses, enveloped
Protozoan trophozoit
Viruses, naked
Gram + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destroy everything, including endospores. A process that will destroy all viable microbes, including viruses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remove most of the pathogens from inanimate objects (fomites) excluding endospores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disinfectants applied directly to exposed body tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes to a level that is considered safe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduces the number of microbes through mechanical means (e.g. hand washing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Goal is a permanent loss of microbes, no binary fission (ineffective). |
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Death Rate |
|
Definition
| # of microbes, nature of microbes (G+vsE), Temp, pH, [ ], Mode of action, presence of solvents, organic matter (blood, tissues, etc.) or inhibitors. |
|
|
Term
| Modes of Action (Targets) |
|
Definition
The Cell Wall (In All Pro/Eukaryotes)
The Cell Membrane (")
Proteins ("+Antiviral)
Nucleic Acids ("+Antiviral) |
|
|
Term
| Physical Control (in Microbial Death) |
|
Definition
| Heat (moist/dry), cold, desiccation, radiation, filtration |
|
|
Term
| Moist Heat - Autoclaving Technique |
|
Definition
| Steam under pressure 15 psi/121 degC/15 mins, steam must reach surface of item being sterilized. |
|
|
Term
| Moist Heat - Boiling Water |
|
Definition
| Boil at 100 DegC for 30 mins to destroy non-spore forming pathogens (Disinfection, would need pressure for sterilization) |
|
|
Term
| Moist Heat - Tyndallization |
|
Definition
| Intermittent sterilization for substances that cannot withstand autoclaving. Used for some canned foods and laboratory media - Disinfection procedure. |
|
|
Term
| Moist Heat - Pasteurization (batch and flash) |
|
Definition
Heat is applied to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage without destroying the food flavor or value
Batch: 66 degC for 30 minutes
Flash (Ultra): 71.6 degC for 15 seconds
*Not sterilization: Kills non-spore forming pathogens and lowers overall microbe count; does not kill endospores or many non-pathogenic microbes. |
|
|
Term
| Dry Heat - Air and Incineration |
|
Definition
| Using higher temeratures than moist heat, flame or electric heating coil, ignites and reduces microbes and other substances. 140-180 degC coagulates proteins x 2 hrs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slowing the growth of microbes by refrigeration 0-15 degC and freezing <0 degC. Used to preserve food, media, and cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remove water from cells, leads to metabolic inhibition. Not effective microbial control. Many cells retail the ability to grow when water is reintroduce (e.g. Beef Jerky) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Freeze drying; perservation |
|
|
Term
| Radiation - Ionizing Radiation |
|
Definition
| Deep penetrating power that has sufficient energy to cause electrons to leave their orbit; breaks down the DNA. Used to sterilize medical supplies, food products (e.g. Gamma Rays, X-Rays, Cathode Rays) |
|
|
Term
| Radiation - Non-ionizing Radiation |
|
Definition
| Little penetration power so it must be directly exposed. (e.g. UV radiation creates pyrimidine dimers, which interfere with replication) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through filter. Used to sterilize heat sensitive liquids and in hospital isolation units and industrial clean rooms (charcoal based filters only bind with chemicals). |
|
|
Term
| Levels of Chemical Decontamination - High Level Germicides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of Chemical Decontamination - Intermediate Level Germicides |
|
Definition
| Kill fungal spores, viruses, and most bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Levels of Chemical Decontamination - Low Level Germicides |
|
Definition
| Most vegetative bacteria, some fungal cells, some viruses. Clean surfaces that touch skin but not mucous membranes. |
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Halogens |
|
Definition
| Chlorine (bleach), iodine |
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Phenolics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Clorhexadine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Alcohol |
|
Definition
| Ethyl Alcohol (50-90%), Isopropyl Alcohol (desiccator and denature) |
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Hydrogen Peroxide |
|
Definition
| Gas and liquid, do not put on straight surgical incisions (causes scarring) |
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Aldehyde Sterilants and Disinfectants |
|
Definition
| Glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde (formalin 37% aq. sol'n), bad b/c kill by akylating protein and DNA |
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Gasses and Aerosols |
|
Definition
| Ethylene Oxide, Propylene Oxide - Strong alkylating agent, high level sterilize and disinfect plastics and prepackaged devices, foods |
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Detergents and Soaps |
|
Definition
| QUATS (quaternary ammonia compunds) act as surfactants that may alter membrane permeability in some bacteria and fungi, soaps acts as emulsifiers that mechanically remove soil and grease containing microbes. |
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Heavy Metals |
|
Definition
| Oligodynamic action, sol'ns containing Ag and Hg kill vegetative cells in low concentrations by inavtivating proteins. (eg. Silver nitrate and merthiolate) |
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Dyes |
|
Definition
| Analine dyes are very active against gram positive species of bacteria and some fungi, sometimes used in antisepsis and wound treatment |
|
|
Term
Chemical Agents of Healthcare
*Acids and Alkalis |
|
Definition
| Acids are naturally added into foods etc, but not many bases. They are more in cleaners. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Starts naturally, but then modified in lab |
|
|
Term
| Table 12.1 Concepts of Antimicrobial Drugs |
|
Definition
-Selectively toxic to microbe, but nontoxic to host cell.
-Microbicidal rather than microbistatic
-Relatively soluble; functions even when highly diluted in body fluids
-Remains potent long enough to act and is not broken down or excreted prematurely
-Doesn't lead to devel. of antimicrobial resistance
-Complements or assists the activities of host's body defenses.
-Remains active in tissues and body fluids.
-Readily delivered to site of infection
-Reasonably priced
-Does not disrupt the host's health by causing allergies or predisposing the host to other infections. |
|
|
Term
| Selective Toxicity (Define) |
|
Definition
| Toxic to the microbe but not the host |
|
|
Term
Table 12.2 Terminology of Chemotherapy
*Chemotherapeutic Drug |
|
Definition
| Any Chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease. |
|
|
Term
Table 12.2 Terminology of Chemotherapy
*Prophylaxis |
|
Definition
| (Ahead of time, to avoid infection) The use of a drug to prevent potential for infection of a person at risk. |
|
|
Term
Table 12.2 Terminology of Chemotherapy
*Antimicrobial chemotherapy |
|
Definition
| The use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection (made in a lab) |
|
|
Term
Table 12.2 Terminology of Chemotherapy
*Antimicrobials |
|
Definition
| All inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug (chemotherapeutic), regardless of it's origin. |
|
|
Term
Table 12.2 Terminology of Chemotherapy
*Antibiotics |
|
Definition
Naturally made by a fungus or bacteria
-Bacteria: Streptomyces and Bacillus
-Fungus/Molds: Penicillium and Chephalosporium |
|
|
Term
Table 12.2 Terminology of Chemotherapy
*Semisynthetic drugs |
|
Definition
| Antimicrobial compounds synthesized in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources |
|
|
Term
Table 12.2 Terminology of Chemotherapy
*Synthetic drugs |
|
Definition
| Antimicrobial compounds synthesized in the laboratory through chemical reaction |
|
|
Term
Table 12.2 Terminology of Chemotherapy
*Narrow spectrum (limited) |
|
Definition
| Antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types; for example, a drug effective mainly on gram positive bacteria. |
|
|
Term
Table 12.2 Terminology of Chemotherapy
*Broad spectrum (extended) |
|
Definition
| Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of micribial types; for example, a drug effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. |
|
|
Term
Table 12.3 Selected Microbial Sources of Antibiotics
-Bacteria |
|
Definition
| Micromonospora, Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium, Streptomyces sp. (filamentous) |
|
|
Term
Table 12.3 Selected Microbial Sources of Antibiotics
-Mold |
|
Definition
| Penicillium sp. and Cephalosporium |
|
|
Term
Mechanism of Drug Action
*Cell Wall Inhibitors (Target?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mechanism of Drug Action
*Cell Membrane (Target?) |
|
Definition
| Target Cell membrane permeability |
|
|
Term
Mechanism of Drug Action
*DNA/RNA (Target?) |
|
Definition
| Target replication and transcription (copies of DNA and mRNA) |
|
|
Term
Mechanism of Drug Action
*Protein Synthesis (Target?) |
|
Definition
| Targets and inhibits action of ribosomes, blocks initiation of proteins by targeting TRANSLATION in ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
Mechanism of Drug Action
*Metabolic Pathway (Targets?) |
|
Definition
| Linear Target (interrupts linear steps of metabolism) or cyclic target (potentially target cycle or more of the product coming off (e.g. Kreb's cycle, target would be ATP) |
|
|
Term
| Cell Wall Antimicrobial Agents |
|
Definition
| Penicillin and cephalosorins produced by fungus, block synthesis of peptidoglycans |
|
|
Term
| Cell Membrane Antimicrobial Agents |
|
Definition
| Polymyxins (e.g. Neosporin) interact with phospholipids and cause leaking, particularly in Gram - bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Nucleic Acid Antimicrobial Agents |
|
Definition
| Quinolones target replication and transcription |
|
|
Term
| Protein Synthesis Antimicrobial Agents |
|
Definition
| Tetracyclines block attachment of tRNA on the A acceptor site and stop further synthesis (problems for developing fetus and developing adult teeth) |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic Pathway Antimicrobial Agents |
|
Definition
| Sulfonamides and trimethoprim (Sulfa and Bactrim) work by competitive inhibition (drug comepets with normal substrae for enzymes active site/lock and key) or the synergistic Effect, the effects of a combination of antibiotics are greater than the effects of the individual antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
| Penicillianse-resistant (Define) |
|
Definition
| Certain microbes have an enzyme that allows a microbe to be resistant to the Penicillin Tree |
|
|
Term
Newly Developed Classes of Antimicrobials
-Fosfomycin trimethamine |
|
Definition
| Combining two different drug classes to inhibit cell wall synthesis |
|
|
Term
Newly Developed Classes of Antimicrobials
-Synercid |
|
Definition
| Effective against Staphylococcus and Enterococcus that cuase endocarditis and surgical infection (used on drug resistant Staph and Entero) |
|
|
Term
Newly Developed Classes of Antimicrobials
-Daptomycin |
|
Definition
| Directed mainly against G+, disrupts membrane function/permeability |
|
|
Term
Newly Developed Classes of Antimicrobials
-Ketolides |
|
Definition
| Ketek, new drug with different ring stucture from Erythromycin; for resistant infections |
|
|
Term
Newly Developed Classes of Antimicrobials
-Oxazolidinones |
|
Definition
| Zyvox - antimicrobial that blocks the interaction of mRNA (used to treat MRSA and VRE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vancomycin resistant Enterococcus |
|
|
Term
Agents to Treat Fungal Infections
-Macrolide Polyene |
|
Definition
| Tomically and systemically, Nystatin (topical) |
|
|
Term
Agents to Treat Fungal Infections
-Griseofulvin |
|
Definition
| 150 pills a month, nephrotoxic |
|
|
Term
Agents to Treat Fungal Infections
-Synthetic azoles |
|
Definition
| Broad spectrum (ketaconazole, clomitrazole, miconazole) |
|
|
Term
Agents to Treat Fungal Infections
-Flucytosine |
|
Definition
| Lamasil, analog of cytosine |
|
|
Term
Agents to Treat Fungal Infections
-Ecchinocandins |
|
Definition
| Damage cell walls (capsofungin) |
|
|
Term
Antiparasitic Chemotherapy
-Antimalarial drugs |
|
Definition
| Quinine based, highly drug resistant |
|
|
Term
Antiparasitic Chemotherapy
-Antiprotozoan Drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Antiparasitic Chemotherapy
-Antihelminthic Drugs |
|
Definition
Paralyze, disintegrate, or inhibit metabolism
(Mebenazole, thabendazole, braod spectum, inhibits glucose utilization (metabolism inhibition), pyrantel, piperazine paralyzes muscles, niclosamide, destroys scolex) |
|
|
Term
| Antiviral Chemotherapeutic Agents |
|
Definition
Block penetration, replication, transcription, translation, or prevent maturation of viral particles
(Ribavirin RSV (hemmorrhagic fevers), AZT, protease inhibitors (HIV)) |
|
|
Term
Drugs for Treating Influenza
-Amantadine/Rimantidine |
|
Definition
| Restricted almost exclusively to influenza A, prevent fusion of virus with cell membrane |
|
|
Term
Drugs for Treating Influenza
-Relenza and Tamiflu |
|
Definition
| Slightly broader spectrum, blocks neuraminidase in influenza A and B, reduces viral load, which reduces symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Valtrex, Zovirax, Famvir, Denavir |
|
|
Term
| Outbreak Therapy (Define) |
|
Definition
| Treat every day until everything dries up, can weaken immune system. |
|
|
Term
| Oral Suppressive Therapy (Define) |
|
Definition
| More for immunocompromised, treat daily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleotide analogn and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (interference with RNA synthesis), protease inhibitors (enzyme inhibitors) AZT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Azidothymidine (AZT) first drug aimed at treating AIDs, thyamine analog used in nuclear medicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
INF, human-based glycoprotein produced primarily by fibroblasts and leukocytes
*treats HepC, genital warts, Kaposi's Sarcoma (in AIDs pts) and slows progression of certain cancers, leukemias, and lymphomas |
|
|
Term
| Acquired Resistance (Define) |
|
Definition
| The spontaneous mutation in DNA, acquisition of new genes or set of genes via transfer from another species (did not complete medication cycle) |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Acquired Drug Resistance (12.14) |
|
Definition
1. Drug Inactivation
2. Decreased Drug Permeability
3. Activation of Drug Pumps
4. Change in drug binding site
5. Use of alternate metabolic pathways |
|
|
Term
| Negative Interactions between Drugs/Host |
|
Definition
| Drug Toxicity, allergic reactions, and disruption in the balance of normal flora (super-infection) |
|
|
Term
| How to Select a Drug (2 Tests) |
|
Definition
Lowest possible Effect
-Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Test (by Zones of Inhibition)
-E-test Diffusion Test |
|
|
Term
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC, Define) |
|
Definition
| Smallest Concentration of drug that visibly inhibits growth) |
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic Index (Define) |
|
Definition
| Choosing a drug with the highest level of selectivity but lowest level of toxicity. |
|
|
Term
Both Flagella and Cilia are found primarily in
a. algae
b. protozoa
c. fungi
d. both b and c |
|
Definition
| both flagella and cilia are found primarily in (B) protozoa |
|
|
Term
Features of the nuclear envelope include
a. ribosomes
b. a double membrane structure
c. pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm
d. b and c
e all of these |
|
Definition
| Features of the nuclear envelope include (D) a double membrane structure and pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
The cell wall is usually found in which eukaryotes
a. fungi
b. algae
c. protozoa
d. a and b |
|
Definition
| The cell wall is usually found in the eukaryotes (D) fungi and algae. |
|
|
Term
What is embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a. ribosomes
b. Golgi apparatus
c. chromatin
d. vesicles |
|
Definition
| Embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are (A) ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
Yeasts are ___ fungi; and molds are ___ fungi.
a. macro, micro
b. unicellular, filamentous
c. motile, nonmotile
d. water, terrestrial |
|
Definition
| Yeasts are unicellular fungi and molds are filamentous fungi (B). |
|
|
Term
In general, fungi derive nutrients though
a. photosynthesis
b. engulfing bacteria
c. digesting organic substrates
d. parasitism |
|
Definition
| In general, fungi derive nutrients through (C) digesting organic substrates. |
|
|
Term
A hyphae divided into crompartments by cross walls is called
a. nonseptate
b. imperfect
c. septate
d. perfect |
|
Definition
| A hypa divided into compartments by cross walls is called (C) septate. |
|
|
Term
Algae generally contain some type of
a. spore
b. chlorophyll
c. locomotor organelle
d. toxin |
|
Definition
| Algae generally contain some type of (B) chlorophyll. |
|
|
Term
Which characteristic(s) is/are not typical of protozoan cells?
a. locomotor organelle
b. cyst
c. spore
d. trophozoit |
|
Definition
| A (C) spore is not typical of a protozoan cell. |
|
|
Term
The protozoan trophozoit is the
a. active feeding stage
b. inavtive dormat stage
c. infective stage.
d. spore forming stage. |
|
Definition
| The protozoan trophozoit is the (A) active feeding stage. |
|
|
Term
All mature sporozoa are
a. parasitic
b. nonmotile
c. carried by an arthropod vector
d. both a and b |
|
Definition
| All mature sporozoa are (D) both parasitic and nonmotile. |
|
|
Term
Parasitic helminths reproduce with
a. spores
b. eggs and sperm
c. mitosis
d. cysts
e. all of these |
|
Definition
| Parasitic helminths reproduce with (B) eggs and sperm. |
|
|
Term
Mitochondria likely originated from
a. archaea
b. invaginations of the cell membrane
c. purple bacteria
d. cyanobacteria |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria likely originated from (C) purple bacteria. |
|
|
Term
Human fungal infections involve and affect what areas of the human body?
a. skin
b. mucous membranes
c. lungs
d. all of these |
|
Definition
| Human fungal infections involve and affect (D) the skin, mucous membranes, and lungs. |
|
|
Term
Must helminth infections
a. are localized to one site on the body
b. spread though major systems of the body
c. develop within the spleen
d. develop within the liver |
|
Definition
| Most helminth infections (A) are localized to one site in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single celled alga with silica in its cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genus of black bread mold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungal cause of Ohio Valley Fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A yeast that infects the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motile flagellated alga with eyespots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alga that causes red tides (carry poisonous neurotoxins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flagellated protozoan genus that causes an STD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cause of amebic dystentery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helminth worm invovled in pinworm infection |
|
|
Term
A microbicidal agent has what effect?
a. sterilizes
b. inhibits microorganism
c. is toxic to human cells
d. destroys microorganisms |
|
Definition
| A microbicidal agent (D) destroys microogranisms. |
|
|
Term
Micrbial control methods that kill _____ are able to sterilize
a. viruses
b. the tubercle bacillus
c. endospores
d. cysts |
|
Definition
| Microbial control methods that kill (C) endospores are able to sterilize. |
|
|
Term
Any process that destroys the non-spore forming contaminants on inanimate objects is
a. antisepsis
b. disinfection.
c. sterilization.
d. degermation |
|
Definition
| Any process that destroys the non-spore-forming contaminants on inanimate objects is (B) disinfection. |
|
|
Term
Sanitization is a process by which
a. the microbial load on objects is reduced
b. objects are made sterile with chemicals
c. utensils are scrubbed
d. skin is debrided |
|
Definition
| Sanitization is the process by which (A) the microbial load on the object is reduced. |
|
|
Term
An example of an agent that lowers the surface tension of cell sis
a. phenol
b. chlorine
c. alcohol
d. formalin |
|
Definition
| An agent that lowers the surface tension of cells is (C) alcohol. |
|
|
Term
High temperatures _____ and low temperatures _____.
a. sterilize, disinfect
b. kill cells, inhibit cell growth
c. denature proteins, burst cells
d. speed up metabolism, slow down metabolism. |
|
Definition
| High temperatures kill cells, low temperatures inhibit cell growth (B). |
|
|
Term
The primary action of _____ heat is to _____.
a. dry, destroy cell wall
b. moist, kill vegetative cells
c. dry, dissolve lipids
d. moist, denature proteins |
|
Definition
| The primary action of moist heat is to denature proteins (D). |
|
|
Term
The temperature-pressure combination for an autoclave is
a. 100 deg C and 4 psi
b. 121 deg C and 15 psi
c. 131 deg C and 9 psi
d. 115 deg C and 3 psi |
|
Definition
| The temperature-pressure combination for an autoclave is (B) 121 degC/15 psi. |
|
|
Term
Microbes that is/are the target(s) of pasteurization include(s)
a. Clostridium botulinum
b. Mycobacterium species
c. Salmonella species
d. both b and C |
|
Definition
| Microbes that are the targets of pasteurization include Mycobacterium species and Salmonella species. |
|
|
Term
Ionizing radiation removes _____ from atoms.
a. protons
b. waves
c. electrons
d. ions |
|
Definition
| Ionizing radiation (Gamma Rays) removes (C) electrons from atoms (breaks disulfide bonds in DNA). |
|
|
Term
The primary mode of action of nonionizing radiation is to
a. produce superoxide ions
b. make pyrimidine dimers
c. denatures proteins
d. break disulfide bonds |
|
Definition
| The primary mode of action of nonionizing radiation (UV light) is to (B) make pyrmadine (thiamine) dimers. |
|
|
Term
The most versatile method of sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids is
a. UV radiation
b. exposure to ozone
b. beta propiolactone
d. filtration |
|
Definition
| The most versatile method of sterilizing heat sensitive liquids is (D) filtration. |
|
|
Term
_____ is the iodine antiseptic of choice for wound treatment.
a. 8% tincture
b. 5% aqueous
c. Iodophor
d. KI solution |
|
Definition
| (C) Iodophor is the iodine antiseptic of choice for wound treatment. |
|
|
Term
a chemical with sporicidal properties is
a. phenol
b. alcohol
c. quaternary ammonium compound (QUAT)
d. glutaraldehyde |
|
Definition
| A chemical with sporicidal properties is (D) glutaraldehyde. |
|
|
Term
Silver sulfadiazine is used
a. in antisepsis of burns
b. as a mouthwash
c. to treat genital gonorrhea
d. to disinfect water |
|
Definition
| Silver sulfadiazine is used to treat (A) antisepsis in burns. |
|
|
Term
Detergents are
a. high level germicides
b. low level germicides
c. excellent antiseptics
d. used in disinfecting surgical instruments |
|
Definition
| Detergents are (B) low-level germicides. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an approved sterilant?
a. chlorhexidine
b. betadyne
c. ethylene oxide
d. ethyl alcohol |
|
Definition
| (C) Ethylene oxide is an approved sterilant. |
|
|
Term
A compound synthesized by bacteria or fungi that destroys or inhibits the growth of other microbes is a/an
a. synthetic drug
b. antibiotic
c. antimicrobial drug
d. competitive inhibitor |
|
Definition
| A compound synthesized by bacteria or fungi that destroys or inhibits the growth of other microbes is an (B) antibiotic. |
|
|
Term
Which statement is not an aim in the use of drugs in antimicrobial chemotherapy? The drug should
a. have selective toxicity
b. be active even in high dilutions
c. be broken down and excreted rapidly
d. be microbicidal |
|
Definition
| The drug should(C) be broken down and excreted rapidly. |
|
|
Term
Microbial resistance to drugs is acquired through
a. conjugation
b. transformation
c. transduction
d. all of these |
|
Definition
| Microbial resistance to drugs is acquired through (D) conjugation, transformation, and transduction. |
|
|
Term
R factors are _____ that contain a code for _____.
a. genes, replication
b. plasmids, drug release
c. transposons, interferon
d. plasmids, conjugation |
|
Definition
| R factors are (B) plasmids that contain a code for drug resistance. |
|
|
Term
When a patient's immune system becomes reactive to a drug, this is an example of
a. super infection
b. drug resistance
c. allergy
d. toxicity |
|
Definition
| When a patient's immune system becomes reactive to a drug, this is an example of (C) allergy. |
|
|
Term
An antibiotic that disrupts the normal flora can cause
a. the teeth to turn brown
b. aplastic anemia
c. a superinfection
d. hepatotoxicity |
|
Definition
| An antibiotic that disrupts the normal flora can cause (C) a superinfection. |
|
|
Term
Most antihelminthic drugs function by
a. weaking the worms so that they can be flushed out by the intestine
b. inhibiting worm metabolism
c. blocking the absorption of nutrients
dd. inhibiting egg production
e. all of these |
|
Definition
| Most antihelminthic drugs function by (B) inhibiting worm metabolism. |
|
|
Term
Select a drug or drugs that can prevent a viral nucleic acid from being replicated.
a. Azidothymidine
b. Acyclovir
C. Amantadine
D. Both a and b |
|
Definition
| (D) Both azidothmidine and acyclovir can prevent a viral nucleic acid from being replicated. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following effects do antiviral drugs NOT have?
a. killing extracellular viruses
b. stopping viral synthesis
c. inhibiting virus maturation
d. blocking virus receptors |
|
Definition
| Antiviral drugs do NOT (A) kill extracellular viruses. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following modes of action would be the most selectively toxic?
a. interrupting ribosomal function
b. dissolving the cell membrane
c. preventing cell wall synthesis
d. inhibiting DNA replication |
|
Definition
| (C) Preventing cell wall synthesis would be the most selectively toxic. |
|
|
Term
The MIC is the _____ of a drug that is required to inhibit growth of a microbe.
a. largest concentration
b. standard dose
c. smallest concentration
d. lowest dilution |
|
Definition
| The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is the (C) smallest concentration of a drug that is required to inhibit growth. |
|
|
Term
An antimicrobial drug with a _____ therapeutic index is a better choice than one with a _____ therapeutic index.
a. low, high
b. high, low |
|
Definition
| An antimicrobial drug with a (B) high therapeutic index is a better choice than one with a low therapeutic index. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interferes with synthesis of folic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocks synthesis of peptidoglycans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocks the attachment of tRNA on the ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevents the ribosome from translocating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interferes with fusion of virus and host cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaks down cell membrane integrity |
|
|
Term
All protozoan pathogens have a _____ phase.
a. cyst
b. sexual
c. trophozoit
d. blood |
|
Definition
| All protozoan pathogens have a (C) trophozoit phase. |
|
|
Term
Entomoeba histolyca primarily invades the
a. liver
b. large intestine
c. small intestine
d. lungs |
|
Definition
| Entamoeba histolytica prmarily invades the (B) large intestine. |
|
|
Term
Giardia is a/an _____ that invades the _____.
a. flagellate, large intestine
b. amoeba, small intestine
c. ciliate, large intestine
d. flagellate, small intestine |
|
Definition
| Giardia is a/an (D) flagellate that invades the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
Hemoflagellates are transmitted by
a. mosquito bites
b. insect vectors
c. bug feces
d. contaminated foods |
|
Definition
| Hemoflagellates are transmitted by (B) insect vectors. |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium reproduces sexually in the _____ and asexually in the _____.
a. liver, red blood cells
b. mosquito, human
c. human, mosquito
d. red blood cell, liver |
|
Definition
| Plasmodium reproduces sexually in the (B) mosquito and asexually in the human. |
|
|
Term
In the exoerythrocytic phase of infection, Plasmodium invades the
a. blood cells
b. heart muscle
c. salivary glands
d. liver |
|
Definition
| In the exoerythrocytic phase of infection, Plasmodium invades the (D) liver. |
|
|
Term
An oocyst is found in _____, and a pseudocyst is found in _____.
a. humans, cats
b. cats, humans
c. feces, tissue
d. tissue, feces |
|
Definition
| An oocyst is found in (C) feces, and a pseudocyst is found in tissue. |
|
|
Term
A person can acquire toxoplasmosis from
a. pseudocysts in raw meat
b. oocysts in the air
c. cleaning out the cat litter box
d. all of these |
|
Definition
| A human can acquire toxoplasmosis from (D) pseudocysts in raw meat, oocysts in the air, and cleaning out the cat litter box. |
|
|
Term
All adult helminths produce
a. cysts and trophozoits
b. scolex and proglottids
c. fertilized eggs and larvae
d. hooks and cuticles |
|
Definition
| All adult helminths produce (C) fertilized eggs and larvae. |
|
|
Term
The _____ host is where the larva develops, and the _____ host is where the adults produce fertile eggs.
a. intermediate, difinitive
b. definitive, intermediate
c. secondary, transport
d. primary, secondary |
|
Definition
| The (A) intermediate host is where the larva develops, and the definitive host is where the adults produce fertile eggs. |
|
|
Term
Antihelminthic medications work by
a. paralyzing the worm
b. disrupting the worm's metabolism
c. causing vomiting
d. both a and b |
|
Definition
| Antihelminthic medications work by (D) paralyzing the worm and disrupting the worm's metabolism. |
|
|
Term
Currently, the most common nematode infestation worldwide is
a. hookworm
b. ascariasis
c. tapeworm
d. trichinosis |
|
Definition
| Currently, the most common nematode infestation worldwide is (B) ascariasis. |
|
|
Term
Hookworm disease are spread by
a. the feces of humans
b. mosquito bites
c. contaminated food
d. micrscopic invertibrates in drinking water |
|
Definition
| Hookworm diseases are spread by (A) the feces of humans. |
|
|
Term
Trichinosis can only be spread from human to human by
a. cannibalism
b. flies
c. raw pork
d. contaminated water |
|
Definition
| Trichinosis can only be spread from human to human by (A) cannibalism. |
|
|
Term
The swelling of limbs typical of elephantiasis is due to
a. allergic reaction to the filarial worm
b. granuloma development due to inflammation by parasites
c. lymphatic circulation being blocked by filarial worm
d. heart and liver failure due to infection |
|
Definition
| The swelling of limbs typical of elephantiasis is due to (C) lymphatic circulation being blocked by filarial worm. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT considered an insect vector?
a. flea
b. mosquito
c. tick
d. tsetse fly |
|
Definition
| The (C) tick is not considered an insect vector. |
|
|
Term
The _____ mosquito feeds on blood, which is required for development of _____.
a. male, larvae
b. male, parasites
c. female, GI tract
d. female, eggs |
|
Definition
| The (D) female mosquito feeds on blood, which is required for development of eggs. |
|
|
Term
The host defenses that are most active during worm infestations are
a. phagocytes
b. antibodies
c. killer T cells
d. eosinophils |
|
Definition
| The host defenses that are most active in worm infestations are (D) eosinophils. |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-amebic dysentery |
|
Definition
| Entamoeba hystolica, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Chagas disease |
|
Definition
| Trypanosoma cruzi, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Tapeworm |
|
Definition
Tania saginata (Beef), Helminth
Tania solium (Pork) |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Hookworm |
|
Definition
| Necator amaericanus, Helminth |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-African sleeping sickness |
|
Definition
| Trypanisoma bruceii, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Pinworm |
|
Definition
| Enterobius vermicularis, Helminth |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Filariasis (Elephantiasis) |
|
Definition
| Wuchereria bancrofti, Helminth |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Amebic menigoencephalitis |
|
Definition
| Naegleria fowleri, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Malaria |
|
Definition
| Plasmodium vivax malaria ovale or falciparum, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
| Toxoplasma gondii, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Trichinellosis |
|
Definition
| Trichinella spiralis, Helminth |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Whipworm |
|
Definition
| Tricuris trichiura, Helminth |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-River Blindness |
|
Definition
| Onchocerca vovulus, Helminth |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Contact lens wearers blindness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Ciliated protozoa causes diarrhea |
|
Definition
| Balantidium coli, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Trichomoniasis STD |
|
Definition
| Trichomonas vaginalis, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Giardiasis |
|
Definition
| Giardia lamblia, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Leishmaniasis Cutaneous, Espundia, and Systemic (kala alazar) |
|
Definition
| Leishmania species, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Sarcocytosis |
|
Definition
| Sarcocystis species, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Chronic diarrhea |
|
Definition
| Cryptosporidium parvum, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Cyclosporiasis |
|
Definition
| Cyclospora cayetanensis, Protozoa |
|
|
Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Redwater fever of Cattle (tick bourn) aka Babesiosis aka Cyclic Fever |
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Definition
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Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Intestinal Roundworm Indigenous to Humans |
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Definition
| Ascaris lumbricoides, Helminth |
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Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Threadworm |
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Definition
| Strongyloides stercorlis and Trichinella spiralis, Helminths |
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Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-African Eye Worm |
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Definition
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Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Trematodes |
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Definition
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Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Liver Fluke |
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Definition
| Clonorchis and Fasciola hepatica, Helminths |
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Term
Match Disease with Causative Agent
-Lung Fluke |
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Definition
| Paragonimus westermani, Helminth |
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Term
Match Disease with Mode of Transmission
-Amebic Dysentary |
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Definition
| ingestion of food contaminated by human feces |
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Term
Match Disease with Mode of Transmission
-Chagas disease |
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Definition
| bite from the reduviid bug |
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Term
Match Disease with Mode of Transmission
-Cyclosporiasis |
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Definition
| Ingesting fecally contaminated water or produce |
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Term
Match Disease with Mode of Transmission
-Toxoplasmosis |
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Definition
| Contact with cats/cat feces or ingesting rare or raw meat |
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Term
Match Disease with Mode of Transmission
-Giardiasis |
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Definition
| ingestion of cysts in water contaminated by wild animal feces |
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Term
Match Disease with Mode of Transmission
-Tapeworm |
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Definition
| eating poorly cooked beef or pork |
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Term
Match Disease with Mode of Transmission
-Filariasis |
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Definition
| bite from an Anopheles mosquito |
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Term
Match Disease with Mode of Transmission
-Schistosomiasis |
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Definition
| Freshwater snail vector releases infectious stage (cercaria) |
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Term
Match Disease with Mode of Transmission
-Ascariasis |
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Definition
| water or food contaminated with human feces containing eggs |
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Term
Match Disease with Mode of Transmission
-River Blindness |
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Definition
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