Term
| reduced oxygenation of arterial blood (PaO2) |
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Definition
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Term
| Etiology: decreased O2 content of inspired gas, hypoventilation, diffusion impairment, (time needed for O2 to go to alveolocap membrane), Aa gradient increased, hypercapnia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ventilation/perfusion mismatch |
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Term
| poor perfusion of well-ventilated portions of lung |
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Definition
| High V/Q: increased Aa gradient decreased PaO2, PCO2 rises, increase RR to maintain PaCO2, PULMONARY EMBOLUS |
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Term
| perfusion of poorly ventilated portions of lung |
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Definition
| LOW V/Q: increased Aa gradient: decreased PaO2, possible hyperventilation of other lung regions may compensate for inc PCO2. |
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Term
| begins with closure of mitral and tricuspid valve |
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Definition
| Systole, ventricle at low pressure, and after valves close, LV goes into isometric contraction--generates pressure (Elum) |
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Term
| Giving O2 only works for? |
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Definition
| ventilating portions of lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| atelectasis, pneumonia, ARDS |
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Term
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Definition
| closure of aortic/pulmonic valves, |
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Term
| emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma |
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Definition
| types of obstructive diseases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| airway narrowing, loss of recoil |
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Definition
| causes obstruction in lungs |
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Term
| chronic obstructive airway disease has abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to to nonresp bronchioles, with destruction of walls |
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Definition
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Term
| etiology: smoking, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency-autosomal dominent mutation, other environmental factors |
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Definition
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Term
| patho: loss of surrounding supporting structures secondary to destruction of lung elastin tissue--small airway collapse and obstruction to outflow air due to loss recoil |
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Definition
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Term
| patho: imbalance in protease-antiproteases. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do protease enzymes do? |
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Definition
| digest/destroy elastic fibers in alveolar interstitial tissue. Protease-antiprotease imbalance w/emphysema |
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Term
| Inflammation: neutrophils/macros increase release of proteases and recruit more neutros and macros to the site |
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Definition
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Term
| alphat 1 antitrypsin: major inhibitor of protease, a1-AT normally present in serum and interstitial tissue to balance protease activity |
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Definition
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Term
| How does imbalance in protease-antiproteases lead to emphysema |
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Definition
| neutrophils/macros increase release of proteases (destroys collagen), |
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Term
| How does oxidative stress lead to emphysema |
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Definition
oxidative stress: oxidative injury
oxidative injury: inhibits action of alpha 1 AT |
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Term
| How does smoking lead to emphysema |
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Definition
| inures airways/alveoli causing inflamm, activated neuro/macros for increase protease production.--Also ROS production-injures alveolar tissue. Tobacco smoke contains ROS: oxidative injury |
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Term
| How does higher levels of protease/compared to a1-AT lead to emphysema--one way |
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Definition
| allows elastic tissue connective tissue destruction. produces incre. compliance and diminished elastic recoil, allows collapse of airways during exp( no elastin to keep open) |
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Term
| How does higher levels of protease/compared to a1-AT lead to emphysema--one way |
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Definition
destruction of alveolar septa: loss of septal wall, enlarged alveoli/airspaces
BULLA: emphysema |
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Term
| Increased compliance and loss of recoil, hyperinflation, dyspnea, little sputum, eventual pulmonary hypertension. reduces FEV1 |
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Definition
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Term
| etiology: chronic irritatio nby inhaled substances: smoking, pollutants, occupational exposures, previous infection |
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Definition
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Term
| patho: inflamm process in larger airways with mucosal thickening and mucus gland hypersecretion, resulting in airway narrowing and infection |
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Definition
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Term
| patho: irritant produces inflammation of airways: VD and edema of airway mucosa, to much mucous narrows lumen, infiltration of mucosa with inflamm cells: ongoing inflamm |
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Definition
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Term
| Patho: hypertrophy and hyperplasia of submucosal glands in large airways/goblet cells + REID index, mucosal glands enlarged |
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Definition
| Chronic inflammation from chronic bronchitis |
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Term
| Sx: productive cough, wheezes, crackles, hypoxemia, low FEV1 |
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Definition
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