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Definition
| a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience |
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| a tupe of learning through which organisms learn to associate one stimulus with another, discovered by Ivan Pavlov |
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| any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds |
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| elicits an unconditioned response without learning, (US) |
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| response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without learning, (UR) |
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| neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with US, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response |
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| learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus |
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| the intense dislike of foods that have been associated with nausea |
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| Biological factors that affect classical conditioning |
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Definition
| orgnisms rapidly acqure classically conditioned associatans that enhance chances for survival |
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Definition
| weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR as a result of repeated presentation of the CS without the US |
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| reappearance of an extinguished CR when an organism is exposed to the CS following a rest period |
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| occurs when conditioned stimuli are linked to form a series of signals |
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Definition
| tendency to make a CR that is similar to the original CS |
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Definition
| learned ability to be able to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the CR occurs only to the original CS but not to similar stimuli |
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Definition
| a type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response |
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| the consequence, or effect, of a response determines whether the tendency to respond the same way in the future is strengthened or weakened |
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| anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will be repeated |
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| a pleasant or desirable consequence that increases the probability that a response will be repeated |
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| taking something away to change behavior |
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| a reinforcer that fulfills a basic need and does not depend on learning |
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| a reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers |
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| Fixed-Ratio Schedule (FR) |
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Definition
| reinforcer given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses |
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| Variable-Ratio Response(VR) |
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Definition
| reinforcer is given after varying number of nonreinforced responses |
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| Fixed-Interval Schedule (FI) |
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Definition
| reinforcer is given after the first correct response after a specific period of time of time has elapsed |
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| Variable-Interval Schedule (VI) |
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Definition
| reinforcer is given after the first correct response following a varying period of time |
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Definition
| gradually molding a desired behavior or response by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response |
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| rewarded in order to guide responses toward the ultimate goal |
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| tendency to make a learned response to a stimulus similare to that for which the original response was originally reinforced |
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| stimulus that signals whether a response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished |
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| removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response |
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| decrease in behavior that results from an added consequence |
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| decrease in behavior that results from a removed response |
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| learning to perform a behavior because it prevents or terminates an aversive event |
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| learning to avoid events or conditions associated with aversive consequence |
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| a passive resignation to aversive conditions through repeated exposure |
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| a program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens |
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| mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem solving, remembering, and formal mental representations |
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| sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem, which make a solution |
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| learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so |
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| a mental representation of a spatial arrangement such as a maze |
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| learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior |
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| learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses |
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| exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation |
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| suppressing a behavior because a model is punished for displaying the behavior |
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| displaying a previously suppressed behavior because a model does so without receiving punishment |
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| process of how we encode, store, and retrieve information |
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| transferring information into a form that can be stored into memory |
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| the process of maintaining information |
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| bringing to mind information that has been stored |
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| information taken in by the senses, lasts a fraction of a second |
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Definition
| holds information for about thirty seconds, limited in size (5-9 items), working memory |
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| new information comes in, old is pushed out |
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| information is organized to be better remembered |
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| repeating information over and over |
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| associating new information with what is already known |
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| stores facts, general, and personal information, can be declared |
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| memory of events as they were subjectively remembered |
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| general knowledge or objective facts and information |
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| stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses, muscle memory |
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| task in which a person must search memory to produce required information |
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| task in which a person must identify information as having been encountered before |
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| measures retention in terms of time saved when relearning material compared to learning it originally |
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Term
| Serial Positioning Effect |
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Definition
| recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence |
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Definition
| tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more than the middle items |
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Definition
| tendency to recall the last items in a sequence more easily than the middle terms |
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| State-Dependent Memory Effect |
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Definition
| people tend to recall information better if they are in the same emotional or chemical state as when the information was encoded |
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Definition
| extremely vivid memory of an event that is shocking, surprising, or highly emotional |
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| the ability to retain a projected image long enough to use it as a source of information |
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| intergrated frameworks of prior knowledge and assumptions |
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| process in which traumatic memories are buried in the unconcious because they are threatening to think about |
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| partial or complete loss or memory due to loss of consciouisness, brain damage, or some psychological cause |
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Definition
| inability to form new long-term memories, 50 First Dates |
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Definition
| loss of memory for experiences that occured shortly before a loss of consciousness |
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| mental deterioration characterized by impaired memory and intellect and by altered personality and behavior |
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| a form of dementia caused by degeneration of brain cells |
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| memory traces simply fade over time |
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| similar memories interfere with the storage or retrieval of information |
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| information already stored in memory interferes with remembering newer information |
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| new learning interferes with remembering previously learned information |
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Definition
| information stored in the long term memory sometimes changes over time to become more consistent with our beliefs, knowledge, and expectations |
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| Theory of Motivated Forgetting |
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Definition
| forgetting that is based on the upsetting or threatening nature of the information that is forgotten, repression |
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| not remembering to carry out some intended action |
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| not remembering something one is certain of knowing, tip of tongue phenomenon |
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Definition
| the mental processes involved in acquiring, sorting, retrieving, and using information |
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| representation in the mind of a sensory experience |
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| a mental category used to represent groups of objects, people, organization, events, or relations that share common characteristics |
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| clearly defined by asset of rules, a formal definition, or a classification system |
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| acquired not from a definition but through everyday perceptions and experiences |
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| the process of considering alternatives and choosing among them |
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| rule derived from experience and used in decision making and problem solving, despite no guarantee of accuracy |
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Definition
| rule stating that an event's probability corresponds to the ease with which the event comes to mind |
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| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| decision strategy based on how closely a new situation resembles a familiar one |
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| strategy in which the decision making process stops as soon as a factor that moves one toward a decision has been recognized |
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| the thoughts and actions required to achieve a desired goal |
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| comparing a problem to problems encountered in the past |
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| strategy in which the current position is compared with the desired goal and a series of steps are formulated and taken to close the gap between them |
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| step by step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem of a certain type |
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| failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems |
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| a means of communicating thoughts and feelings, using a system of socially shared but arbitrary symbolys arranged according to rules of grammar |
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| the study of how language is acquired, produced, used, translated into meaning |
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| smallest units of sound in a spoken language |
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| smallest units of meaning in a spoken language |
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| rules for arranging and combining words to form phrases and sentences |
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Definition
| the meaning dericed from morphemes, words, and sentences |
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Definition
| the patterns of intonation and social roles associated with language |
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| Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis |
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Definition
| the language a person speaks determins the nature of that person's thoughts |
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Definition
| an individual's ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience, engage in various forms of reasoning, and to overcome obstacles through mental effort |
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| Componential Intelligence |
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| creative thinking and problem solving |
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| the debate over whether intelligence and other traits are primarily the result of heredity or environment |
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