Term
|
Definition
| Ig (IgM class) that precipitates at cold temperatures |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
AGN is bound to well; add patient sample; incubate & wash
Add enzyme-labelled anti-human ABY; incubate & wash
Add substrate; amount of color proportionate to ABY concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which disease is associated with the following SPE pattern?
[image] |
|
Definition
| None, the serum is normal |
|
|
Term
Which disease is associated with the following SPE pattern?
[image] |
|
Definition
| Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia |
|
|
Term
| Which ABY crosses the placenta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sum of all antibody-epitope pairs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the procedure for producing monoclonal antibodies. |
|
Definition
| Plasma cell + myeloma cell = hybridoma cell (1 B cell clone = 1 ABY forever) |
|
|
Term
What is the interpretation of the following Ouchterlony plate?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A doctor suspects that a newborn has a CMV (virus) congenital infection. Laboratory testing indicates that IgG CMV ABYs are present. Does the baby hava a congential infection? |
|
Definition
| No, the IgG ABYS came from Mom |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Fc portion of the ABY? |
|
Definition
| Binding site for phagocytes and complement |
|
|
Term
| What are the relative concentrations of ABYs in serum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the titer for sample #2?
Sample 1 1:2 1:4 1:8 1:16 1:32
= = + + +
Sample 2 + + + + = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Interpret the following IFE:
[image] |
|
Definition
| Sample is urine - Bence-Jones protein |
|
|
Term
| What type of immune deficiency occurs when part of the body's immune system is missing or does not function properly? |
|
Definition
| Primary immunodeficiency syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is the initial force of attraction between an antibody Fab site and an epitope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a paraprotein or myeloma protein? |
|
Definition
| Excess amount of immunoglobulin in blood or urine |
|
|
Term
Interpret the following IFE test:
[image] |
|
Definition
| IgA monoclonal ABY w/ lambda chains |
|
|
Term
| Compare the concentration of IgG in the adult & newborn. |
|
Definition
| The concentration is about the same at birth, then it decreases in the newborn |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency is responsible for anaphylatic reactions following blood transfusions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which deficiencies are due to neutrophil defects? |
|
Definition
| CGD, myeloperoxidase deficiency, & leukocyte adhesion molecule deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic structure of the ABY? |
|
Definition
| 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains, hinge region,variable region, FAB, & Fc |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
AGN is unknown; ABY on latex beads
ABY + AGN = clumping |
|
Definition
| Reverse passive latex agglutination |
|
|
Term
| What is allelic exclusion? |
|
Definition
| Production of only one kind of light chain - kappa or lambda |
|
|
Term
| Sources of error associated with agglutination procedures include prozone, ____________________ and ____________________________. |
|
Definition
| rheumatoid factor and delay in reading slide test |
|
|
Term
| What problem does the rheumatoid factor (RF) cause when performing the reverse passive agglutination test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the rheumatoid factor (RF) cause false positives when performing the reverse agglutination test? |
|
Definition
| RF [IgM (anti-IgG)] binds to known IgG on latex beads |
|
|
Term
| Human immunoglobulin isotype refers to _______________. |
|
Definition
| Any of the heavy chains (G, M, A, E, D), light chains, or subclasses of ABYs |
|
|
Term
Place the events for ABY production in the proper sequence:
Mature B cell
Pre-B cell
Pro-B cell
Immature B cell
Activated B cell
*Leaves home for dating bars
*Heavy chain development
*IgD development
*Light chain development
*Develops memory/plasma cells |
|
Definition
Pro=Heavy;
Pre=light;
Immature=IgD;
Mature=Bars;
Activated=Memor/plasm |
|
|
Term
Which disease is associated with the following SPE pattern?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of polyclonal antibodies? |
|
Definition
| Derived from injecting animals |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of polyclonal antibodies? |
|
Definition
| diverse ABYS from many B cell clones |
|
|
Term
| Precipitation tests include turbidimetry, nephelometry, _______________, ______________, & _______________. |
|
Definition
| Ouchterlony, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, & IFE |
|
|
Term
| Which ABY reacts best in the cold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which serum sample demonstrates a 4-fold rise?
Acute Convalescent
1 1/4 1/8
2 1/8 1/24
3. 1/16 1/64 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a baby has an infection at birth (congenital infection), ______ ABY will be present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of immune deficiency is a result of other diseases or conditions? |
|
Definition
| Secondary immundeficiency syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are the relative concentrations of light chains? |
|
Definition
| Twice as much kappa as lambda |
|
|
Term
| Agglutination tests include: |
|
Definition
| direct, passive, reverse passive, coagglutination, & agglutination inhibition |
|
|
Term
| In the clinical laboratory which area of the agglutination/precipitation curve is desired for the most accurate test results? |
|
Definition
| Zone of equivalence (# of ABY & AGN sites are ~ equal) |
|
|
Term
| In some members there may be minor variations in the constant portion of the heavy & light chains. What type of antibody exhibits these variations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ABY is best at binding to complement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In labeled immunoassays there is a labeled (with enzymes, fluorescence, etc.) substance called ________ ________ that identifies an antigen-antibody reaction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
ABY is unknown; AGN on RBCs
ABY + AGN = clumping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the agglutination endpoint (titer) when performing 2-fold dilutions of serum from patient? |
|
Definition
| The highest dilution that shows agglutination |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
Apply specimen (known AGN) to gel; separate by electrophoresis
Blot onto nitrocellulose paper
Add unknown ABY; stain & look for bands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the substance measured in a test system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ABY is associated with allergies & anaphylaxis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ABYs have subclasses & how may subclasses are associated with the ABYs? |
|
Definition
| IgG (IgG1-G4) & IgA (IgA1-A2) |
|
|
Term
| In the 1950s & 1960s researchers used enzymes to reveal the ABY structure. Which enzyme revealed the 2 Fab fragments & Fc portion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an ionic cloud called that prevents RBCs from getting close to each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ABYs are associated with mucosal surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify & describe the second phase of the agglutination process. |
|
Definition
| Lattice formation = Rearrangement of ABY & ABY to form stable lattice |
|
|
Term
What is the interpretation of the following Ouchterlony plate?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ABY is produced in the secondary immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ABY is produced in the primary immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the following test: Measures cloudiness or turbidity by detecting the direct line of incident light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Bence-Jones protein? |
|
Definition
| Ig light chains found in the urine of multiple myeloma patients |
|
|
Term
| Precipitation is the combination of ___________ antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describes 2 subunits of IgA joined by a J chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ABY has a secretory piece attached to it's structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the interpretation of the following Ouchterlony plate?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the following test: detects ABY or AGN
ABY + AGN = clumping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
ABY is bound to well; add patient sample; incubate & wash
Add enzyme-labelled ABY (known ABY to AGN); incubate & wash
Add substrate; amount of color proportionate to AGN concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agglutination occurs when antibodies and _______________ antigens cross-link to form large, visible lattices. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe 5 subunits of IgM joined by a J chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which disease (patient has lytic bone lesions & hypercalcemia) is associated with the following SPE pattern?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Fab region of the ABY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which disease (cryoblobulin & increased amount of IgM in serum) is associated with the following SPE pattern?
[image] |
|
Definition
| Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
Unknown AGN on slide (patient sample); add known ABY (made in rabbit)
Rinse; add anti-rabbit ABY (made in goat) tagged w/ fluorescein
If AGN present = fluorescence
No AGN present = no fluorescence |
|
Definition
| Indirect immunofluorescent assay for AGN |
|
|
Term
| Which ABY reacts best in warm temperatures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages for the acquired immune system when the T helper cell "helps" the B cell? |
|
Definition
| Class switching, affinity maturation of ABY & memory cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the term agammaglobulinemia mean? |
|
Definition
| Deficiency of immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of monoclonal antibodies? |
|
Definition
| Derived in laboratory setting; |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of monoclonal antibodies? |
|
Definition
| one type of antibody from one B cell clone |
|
|
Term
| What is specificity when describing antibody and antigen interactions? |
|
Definition
| The ability of an antibody to combine w/ one antigen instead of another |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between homogenous & heterogeneous procedures? |
|
Definition
| Heterogeneous procedure requires separation step; homogenous procedures do not |
|
|
Term
| Which ABYs have J chains that link monomers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which deficiencies are due to T cell defects? |
|
Definition
| DiGeorge Snydrome & purine-nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Which is the largest ABY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe 1 subunit with 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of deficiency is corticosteroid treatment, HIV infection, or leukemia? |
|
Definition
| Secondary immune deficiency |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
AGN is unknown; ABY on special Staph aureus
ABY + AGN = clumping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
ABY in gel; unknown AGN added to well; add electricity
Height of rocket proportional to amount of AGN |
|
Definition
| Rocket immunoelectrophoresis |
|
|
Term
Which sample serves as an example of prozone?
1:2 1:4 1:8 1:16 1:32
1 = = + + +
2 + + + + = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the following test: Measures light scattered at a particular angle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What AGN-ABY combination occurs by means of diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes, anti-ABYs are commonly used in test procedures |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
Known AGN on slide; add patient serum; rinse
Add anti-human antibody tagged w/ fluorescein
If ABY present = fluorescence
No ABY present = no fluorescence |
|
Definition
| Indirect immunofluorescent assay detecting ABY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of AGN allows the T helper cell to "help" the B cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies that interact with structurally similar antigens can cause false-positive reactions due to ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immunoglobulin is called a macroglobulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ ________ have variable portions in the light & heavy chains that give individual molecule antibodies specificity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify & describe the first phase of the agglutination process. |
|
Definition
| Sensitization = Initial ABY binding w/ AGN; binding is reversible |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
AGN is unknown (patient) + known ABY; then add known AGN on latex beads
positive test = NO clumping; negative test = Clumping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
AGN is unknown; ABY on RBCs
ABY + AGN = clumping |
|
Definition
| Reverse passive hemagglutination |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
AGN is unknown (patient) + known ABY + known enzyme labelled AGN; incubate, then measure enzyme activity
Increase enzyme activity (increase color) = much AGN present
Decrease enzyme activity (decrease color) = little AGN present |
|
Definition
| Homogeneous, competitive EIA |
|
|
Term
Interpret the following IFE:
[image] |
|
Definition
| Sample is serum - light chain disease |
|
|
Term
| Transient hypogammaglobulinemia & X-linked Bruton's agammaglobulinemia are due to B cell deficiencies. What other diseases are the result of B cell deficiencies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are agglutination tests called that include RBC carriers? |
|
Definition
| Direct, passive or reverse passive hemagglutination |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
ABY is unknown; AGN on latex beads
ABY + AGN = clumping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which deficiencies are due to combined T & B cell defects? |
|
Definition
| SCID, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome & Ataxia-telangiectasia |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
Unknown AGN on slide; add known ABY tagged w/ fluorescein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you interpret serum protein electrophoresis patterns? |
|
Definition
| Start with albumin which is always on the + side |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
AGN & ABY diffuse (double diffusion) |
|
Definition
| Ouchterlony double diffusion |
|
|
Term
Identify the following test:
Apply specimen (unknown AGN) to gel; separate by electrophoresis
Add known ABY; stain & look for stained protein |
|
Definition
| Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) |
|
|
Term
| In the 1950s & 1960s researchers used enzymes to reveal the ABY structure. Which enzyme revealed the F(ab)2 fragment & Fc' portion. |
|
Definition
|
|
