Term
| What are the three mechanisms of acute tubular nephrosis in FA? |
|
Definition
-ischemic
-infectious
-nephrotoxic |
|
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Term
| What are some etiologies behind ischemic ATN? |
|
Definition
-hypotension: dec renal perfusion = renal cortical necrosis
-pigmenturia: myoglobin, hemoglobin
-systemic illness: hypovolemia, endotoxemia |
|
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Term
| What is the typical epidemiology of post-parturient hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
| -high-producing multiparous lactating dairy cows |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophys behind post-parturient hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of post-parturient hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
-dark red-brown urine
-pale mucous mum or icterus
-may become recumbent |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on clin path w/ post-parturient hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
-anemia, hemoglobinemia
-pigmenturia => hemoglobinuria
-hypophosphatemia |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat post-parturient hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
-blood transfusion
-monosodium phosphate IV or PO
-fleet enema
-IV fludis |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of post-parturient hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we find on necropsy w/ post-parturient hemoglobinura? |
|
Definition
-thin blood, generalized icterus
-pale liver, enlarged spleen
-hemolytic nephrosis |
|
|
Term
| What are some nephrotoxic etiologies of acute tubular nephrosis in FA? |
|
Definition
-antimicrobials, NSAIDs
-heavy metals
-plants
-vitamin D
-misc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hx & CS
-rectal palpation of left kidney
-azotemia
-dec SG on UA |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat ATN in FA? |
|
Definition
-remove toxin: AC or rumenotomy
-support (diuresis) for 2-3w |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of oak toxicity in FA? |
|
Definition
| -gallotannins: buds in spring & acorns in fall |
|
|
Term
| What are some predisposing factors to FA oak toxicity? |
|
Definition
-poor forage availability
-weather
-downed trees
-Cattle, sheep > horses |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of oak toxicty? |
|
Definition
| -rumen conversion of gallotanins: into tannic/gallic & pyrrogalol that binds & disrupts proteins |
|
|
Term
| Which systems are targeted by oak toxicity? |
|
Definition
-renal tubular epi
-GI epi
-vascular endothelium |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs do we see w/ oak toxicity in FA? |
|
Definition
-kidneys: depression, anorexia, dehydration, oliguria/polyuria, hematuria
-GI: rumen atony, constipation, melena, hemorrhagic diarreha
-vascular: SC edema, hydrothorax, ascites, epistaxis |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on clip path w/ FA oak toxicity? |
|
Definition
-azotemia
-dec: K, Na, Cl, Ca, albumin
-inc: Mg, P
-stress leukogram |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on UA w/ oak toxicity in FA? |
|
Definition
-proteinuria
-glucosuria
-hematuria
-isosthenuria |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat FA oak toxicity? |
|
Definition
-fluid therapy (PO or IV)
-rumen support |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on necropsy w/ FA oak toxicity? |
|
Definition
-enlarged, pale, moist, kidneys
-cortical hemorrhages
-perirenal edema
-mecohemorrhagic gastroenteritis, subserosal hemorrhage
-SC edema in limbs
-ascites
-hydrothorax |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent FA oak toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some plants that contain oxalates? |
|
Definition
-Halogeton, pigweed, curly dock, greaseweed, soursob, lamb's quarter, rhubarbe, setaria, fireweed
-leaves > seeds > stems |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by oxalate nephrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| REVIEW PATHOGENESIS OF OXALATE NEPHROSIS ON SLIDE 18 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis behind insoluble Ca oxalate crystals? |
|
Definition
-formed w/in vessel walls: vascular necrosis & hemorrhage
-lodge in renal tubules: nephrosis => renal tubular necrosis
-GI irritation
-inh of resp enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of acute oxalate nephrosis? |
|
Definition
-2-12h
-severe hypocalcemia: downer
-vascular necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of subacute oxalate nephrosis? |
|
Definition
-1-3d
-moderate hypocalcemia
-nephrosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of chronic oxalate nephrosis? |
|
Definition
| -chronic renal insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on clin path w/ oxalate nephrosis? |
|
Definition
-SEVERE hypocalcemia
-azotemia & electrolytes imbalance |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on UA w/ oxalate nephrosis? |
|
Definition
-hematuria
-proteinuria
-glucosuria
-cellular casts
-Ca-oxalate crystals
-isosthenuria |
|
|
Term
| What do we see grossly w/ oxalate nephrsis? |
|
Definition
-kidney: hemorrhage, perirenal edema
-GI: hemorrhagic enteritits
-lungs: edema, congestion
-refractory crustals |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat oxalate nephrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary etiology of FA perirenal edema? Animals affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we see on clin path w/ Pigweed? Necropsy? |
|
Definition
-Clin path: inc K
-marked perirenal edema, acute tubular nephrosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of enzootic hematuria? Animals affected? |
|
Definition
0Bracken fern
-cattle, sheep, horse |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of enzootic hematuria? |
|
Definition
-TP: ptaquiloside
-PASSED IN MILK |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical syndromes of enzootic hematuria? |
|
Definition
| -carcinogenesis & aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathophys of enzootic hematuria? |
|
Definition
-immunosuppression: aplastic anemia (cow > sheep), dec circulating neutrophils/lymphocytes
-immunosuppression: recrudescence of altent BPV |
|
|
Term
| What kind of BPV causes bladder neoplasia? Upper GI neoplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of bladder neoplasm due to enzootic hematuria? |
|
Definition
-hematuria, dysuria
-thickened bladder wall
-pale mucous membranes
-dec fertility |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on clin path w/ enzootic hematuria? |
|
Definition
-pancytopenia
-non-regen anemia |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on UA w/ enzootic hematuria? |
|
Definition
| -hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent enzootic hematuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of enzootic hematuria? |
|
Definition
-chronic cases may live for years!
-aplastic anemia
-POSSIBLE ZOONOSIS |
|
|
Term
| What causes urinary bladder prolapse? |
|
Definition
| -during or shortly after parturition in cows |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause behind bladder eversion? Prolapse? |
|
Definition
-forceful straining turns bladder inside-out
-assoc w/ dystocia, ull-thickness tear of vaginal wall |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of eversion of bladder? |
|
Definition
-mucosal surface exposed
-urethral openings may be visible on dorsal aspect |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose eversion of urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat eversion of urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
-caudal pidural: manual reduction
-exploratory sx |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of prolapsed urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
-serosal surface exposed
-protrudes from a full-thickness vaginal tear |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose prolapse of urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
-vaginal palpation
-urinary catheterization
-FNA: urine |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat prolapsed urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
-caudal epidrual: urinary catheterization
-suture vaginal tear |
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