Term
| Which equine breed is especially important w/ equine murmurs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we see w/ equine murmurs that suggests they are pathologic? |
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Definition
-intensity >3/6 (palpable thrill)
-PMI at palpable left apex or right thorax
-holosystolic
-diastolic or continuous |
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Term
| What do we see w/ equine murmurs that suggests tey are physiologic? |
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Definition
-intensity <3/6
-MPI over heart base
-early systolic
-typically in w/ excitement or exercise |
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Term
| What are the two major right-sided systolic murmurs in the horse? Which is most common? |
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Definition
-VSD or tricuspid insufficiency
-VSD most common |
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Term
| Where do we hear an equine VSD? Tricuspide? |
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Definition
-VSD: radiates to sternum but intensity may not correlate w/ septal lesion
-Tricuspid: radiates concentrically and intensity usually correlates w/ lesion severity |
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Term
| What is the best tolerated equine murmur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would you see a fib w/ equine tricuspid regurge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second most common murmur in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do we hear mitral regurge? |
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Definition
-systolic over left 5th ICS that radiates dorsally
-crescendo or band shaped
-causes progressive LA pressure rise |
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Term
| Does the murmur intensity correlate to dz severity w/ mitral regurge in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does mitral regurge lead to CHF? |
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Definition
-LA enlargement => LCHF => APCs => A fib
-pulmonary hypertension => RCHF
-biventricular failure |
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Term
| What do we usually see causing mitral regurge? |
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Definition
-MV prolapse
-ruptured chordae tendinae
-bacterial endocarditis |
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Term
| Which equine murmur is most common in old horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be caused by aortic insufficiency in horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do aortic insufficiencies sound like in horses? |
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Definition
-holodiastolic (decrescendo: dive bomber
-heard over left aortic region radiates |
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Term
| What is the typical prognosis w/ aortic insufficiency? |
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Definition
| -usually good unless severe |
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Term
| What are some arrhtyhmias in the normal neonate? |
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Definition
-continuous murmur of PDA
-at left ehart base |
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Term
| What is the most common congenital equine heart dz? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Tetrolagy of FAllot? |
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Definition
-VSD
-pulmonary atresia
-overriding aorta
-right ventricular hypertrophy |
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Term
| What are the clnical signs of heart failur ein the horse? |
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Definition
-failure to thrive
-weakness
-tachypnea
-resp distress
-hx of non-antibiotic response "peumonia"
-jugular vein distention
-ascites/pleural effusion
-a-fib |
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Term
| What are some causes of a right to left shunt? |
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Definition
-typically when right-sided obstruction is downstream
-ex: Tetralogy of Fallot, PV atresia w/ VSD, TV atresia w/ ASD |
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Term
| What is the prognosis for VSD in horses? |
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Definition
-<2.5 cm w/out aortic valve prolaps or aortic regurge: good
-2.5-3.5 cm: exercise intolerance
>3.5 cm: CHF |
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