Term
| What is the most common cause of CNS inflamm dz? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four routes of infectious agents to NS? |
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Definition
-neural route: egent travels up nn
-hematogenous: MOST COMMON
-extension from trauma to skull or vertebrae
-extension from adjacent structures such as sinuses and inner ear |
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Term
| What are the three types of inlfmmation? |
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Definition
-suppurative: mostly neutrophils
-lymphoplasmacytic
-granulomatous: mostly marcophages |
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Term
| What are perivascular cuffs? |
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Definition
-inflamm cells in brain parenchyma usually accumulate in large numbers in perivascular areas
-cells also infiltrate the neuropil |
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Term
| What is suppurative meningitis commonly assoc w/? |
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Definition
| -neonatal septicemia (bcteremia) form omphalophlebitis or from enteric infection |
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Term
| What is suppurative meningitis? |
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Definition
| -inflamm in subarachnoid space |
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Term
| What is commonly seen in conjection w/ meningitis? |
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Definition
-fibrinous polyarthritis
-fibrinous polyserositis
-anterior uveitis, often has hypopyon |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of suppurative meningitis? |
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Definition
-E. coli
-Strep & Salmonell in all spp, Haemophilus parasuis & Strep suis in pigs |
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Term
| What does suppurative meningitis look like? |
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Definition
-gray discoloration and opaqueness of meninges due to neutrophilic infiltration + hypopyon + fibrionous pelyarthritis/polyserositis
-Microscopically: hypercellular meninges due to neutrophilic infiltrate |
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Term
| What bug most commonly causes fibrinous poyarthritis, fibrinous polyserositis, and hypopyon w/ neonatal septicemia & meningitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Suppurative encephalitis is usually bacterial infection and is most common in livestock via...? |
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Definition
-septicemia
-extension from adacent structures
-compound fractures of skull
-Listeirosis: travels along trigeminal nerve |
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Term
| What is the common name for Listeriosis? Species affected? |
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Definition
-Circling Dz
-sheep, gattle, gaots
-L. monocytogenes most commonly in silage-fed animals |
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Term
| What is the key lesion for Listeriosis? |
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Definition
| -microabscesses (MICROSCOPIC) in the brain stem |
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Term
| HOw does LIsteriosis get to the brain? |
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Definition
| -bacteria traverses the trigeminal n |
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Term
| What usually causes lymphoplasmacytic inflammation? routes? |
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Definition
-viral infections
-neural ro hematogenous routes |
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Term
| What is the hallmark lesion for viral encephalitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does rabies get to the brain? Type fo inflammation? |
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Definition
-neural route
-lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalomyelitis |
|
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Term
| What lesions do we see w/ rabies? |
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Definition
-NO GROSS LESIONS
-lesions most commonin midbrain, cervical spinal cord, and cranial nerve galnglia where you see Negri bodies (IC inclusions) |
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Term
| What is the confirmatory test for rabies? |
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Definition
-Fluorescent Ab test on UNFIXED, NON-FROZEN BRAIN
-TEST QUESTION |
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Term
| What is the common name for Pseudorabies? Etiology? Who is affected? |
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Definition
-Mad Itch
-Herpesvirus suis
-wild hogs and hunting dogs |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Pseudorabies? |
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Definition
-severe pruritus
-ganglioneuritis
-self-trauma |
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Term
| What do we see on histo w/ pseudorabies? |
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Definition
| -perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffs & IN inclusions |
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Term
| What are the types of Equine Encephalomyelitits? |
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Definition
| -Easter, Wester, and Venezuelan EE |
|
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Term
| What is the route the equine encephalomyelitits takes to the brain? |
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Definition
| -hematogenous via mosquitoes |
|
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Term
| What are the lesions we see w/ EEE/WEE/VEE? |
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Definition
-NO GROSS LESIONS
-early neutrophilic to later lymphoplasmacytic w/ severe neuraonal necrosis WITHOUT INCLUSION BODIES |
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Term
| Which animal is most commonly affected by WNV? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lesions do we see w/ WNV? |
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Definition
-severe hemorrhage and necrosis in GRAY MATTER
-perivascular lyphoplasmaitic cuffs
-perivascular hemorrhages |
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|
Term
| What causes Canine Distemper? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What characterizes the systemic dz Canine Distemper? |
|
Definition
-lymphopenia
-interstitial pneumonia
-vomiting/diarrhea
-oculonasal discharge
-CNS signs |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 CNS syndromes due to canine distemper? |
|
Definition
-acute disctemper
-chronic distemper
-old dog encephalitis |
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Term
| Describe acute distemper. |
|
Definition
-sizure
-chewing gum fits
-ataxia
-resp/GI/other sigs
-NO CNS LESIONS |
|
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Term
| Describe chronic distemper. |
|
Definition
-previous resp dz OR no clinical signs and now develops ataxia, chorea, or other signs
DEMYELINATINC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN WHITE MATTER |
|
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Term
| Describe Old Dog Encephalitis. |
|
Definition
-RARE
-mature dogs w/ no hx of other manifestations of CD
-usually cerebral cortex localized, no sizures, typically dementia, failure to respond
-SEVERE LYMPHOCYTIC ENCEPHALITIS OF THE CEREBRUM |
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Term
| What does demyeliating encephalomyelitis look like due to chonric canine distemper? |
|
Definition
-pale whtie matter due to loss of myelin
-cavuolation of neuropil w/ reactive astrocytes
-intense perivascular cuss
-IC and IN inclusion bodies |
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Term
| What kind of inflammation occurs due ot EHV-1? |
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Definition
| -vasculitits/myelitis/encephalomyelitis |
|
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Term
| What lesions do we see w/ EHV-1? |
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Definition
| -segmental lymphoplasmacytic myelitis due to vasculitis w/ veyr distinct lesion distribution of hemorrhage and necrosis |
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Term
| What is the typical presentation of EHV-1 horse? |
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Definition
| -sudden onset of severe ataxia or paresis |
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Term
| What are some other examples of lymphoplasmacytic encephalitides? |
|
Definition
-Canine ehrlichiosis
-Caprine Arthirits encephalitis
-MCF
-procine polioencephalomyelitis |
|
|
Term
| Who is primarily affected by equine choroid plexus cholesterol granulomas? |
|
Definition
| -lateral ventricles of brains of OLD HORSES |
|
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Term
| What do equine choroid plexus cholesterol granulomas look like? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What do we see histologically w/ equine choroid plexus cholesterol granulomas? |
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Definition
| 0tons of macrophages interspersed w/ cholesterol crystals |
|
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Term
| What is the cause of equine choroid plexus cholesterol granulomas? |
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Definition
| -most likely chronic mild hemorrhage w/in choroid plexus |
|
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Term
| Where do equine choroid plexus cholesterol granulomas usually occur? |
|
Definition
-lateral ventricles
-sometimes in 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What is the other name for equine choroid plexus cholesterol granulomas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two forms of CNS lesions in FIP? |
|
Definition
-periventriculitis: can lead to compensatory hydrocephalus
-multifocal meningoencephalomyelitis |
|
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Term
| What are some etiolgoies of parasitic encephalomyelitis? |
|
Definition
-toxo
-neospora
-equine protozoal encephalomyelitis
-parelaphostrongylus tenuis
-freeliving amoabe |
|
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Term
| What usually characterizes lesions due to parasitic encephalomyelitis? |
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Definition
| -necrotizing encephalitis that is primarily lymphplasmacytic, but may contain a few to many eosinophils |
|
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Term
| What do we usually see neospora with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes Equine Protozoal Myloencephalitis? |
|
Definition
| -sarcocystis neurona & neospora hughesi |
|
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Term
| What lesions do we see due to Equien Protozoal Myeloencephalitis? |
|
Definition
| -random foci of hemorrhage and necrosis in gray and white matter of spinal cord and brain stem |
|
|
Term
| What do we see histologically w/ Euqien Protozoal Myeloencephalitis? |
|
Definition
-apicomplexa organisms infect neurons & glia
-sometimes cannot see organism if they have been treated |
|
|
Term
| What is Parelophostrongylus tenuis? |
|
Definition
| -meningeal worm of WTD: no lesions in deer |
|
|
Term
| In which animals do we see lesions due to Parelaphostrongylus tenuis? |
|
Definition
| -sheep, goats, LAMMAS, ALPACAS, cattle, bison, reindeer, antelope, fallow deer |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to Parelaphostrongylus? |
|
Definition
| -crebrospinal nematodiasis, necrotizing encephalomyelitis, due to intracranial and intraspinal larval migration |
|
|
Term
| What is amoebic encephalitis? Lesions? |
|
Definition
-free-living amoeba accesses nasal avity, go through cribriform plate, and invade brain causing necrotizing/hemorrhagic encephalitis
-severe localized hemorrhagic and suppurative amoebic encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| Which species most offten cause amoebic encephlitis? |
|
Definition
| -Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, BAlamuthia spp |
|
|
Term
| What is the agent that causes spongiform encephalopathies? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are some diseases that cause spongiform encephalopathies? |
|
Definition
-Scrapie: sheep
-BSE: cattle, humans, cats
CWD: deer, elk
-Mink encephalopathy: mink
-kuru: humans |
|
|
Term
| What are the classical chracteristics of spongiform encephalopathies? |
|
Definition
-transmissible through atypical prions
-long incubation
-no inflammation
-vacuolation of neurons and neuropil
-los of neurons
-some glial nodules
-small amyloid plaques |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see on histo w/ spongiform encephalopathies? |
|
Definition
| -single and multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles in neurons from sheep w/ Scrapie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -environmental shedding through heavy infection of placenta |
|
|
Term
| For Scrapie & CWD, what samples do you submit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For BSE diagnosis, what sample do you submit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain do you send in for diagnosis of Scrapie, CWD, or BSE? |
|
Definition
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