Term
|
Definition
| What culture/society says men and women should be like |
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Term
|
Definition
| sexual self-image (male or female) |
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Term
|
Definition
| male activities/characteristics vs. female activities/characteristics |
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Term
| Differences between males and females in U.S. culture |
|
Definition
-males valued more than females
-misogynistic society |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-romanticizing~ falling in love w/ image rather than person
-Martyring~giving more than you get
-Manipulating~ control through indirect methods. |
|
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Term
Different kinds of love:
Eros |
|
Definition
| powerful sexual feeling (lust) |
|
|
Term
Different kinds of love:
Storge |
|
Definition
| Affectionate/companionship (friendship first) |
|
|
Term
Different kinds of love:
Pragma |
|
Definition
| Practical elements; rational assessments (gold diggers) |
|
|
Term
Different kinds of love:
Agape |
|
Definition
| Altruistic love; does not expect anything in return (religion) |
|
|
Term
Different kinds of love:
Ludus |
|
Definition
| Emphasis on recreational sex |
|
|
Term
Different kinds of love:
Mania |
|
Definition
| obsession/craze (stalkers/sex addicts) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a deep vital emotion; does not take conscious effort
-distinguished from liking
-satisfies personal needs (some legitimate, some not) |
|
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Term
| Is everyone capable of love? |
|
Definition
| No. Consider narcissistic personality disorder |
|
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Term
Male Reproductive System:
Is sperm liquid? |
|
Definition
| No, sperm is in liquid called semen. |
|
|
Term
Male Reproductive System:
Is it possible to have an orgasm without ejaculation? |
|
Definition
| Yes, but the reverse is not possible. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Physical ability to have sex. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Female Reproductive System:
Where are the bulk of nerve endings for women? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Possibility of being pregnant ever since you got your period.
1 child per year. |
|
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Term
Contraception:
Forms of birth control |
|
Definition
| Mechanical obstruction and chemical |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other types of Contraception: |
|
Definition
-condoms
-foams and jellies
-cervical cap
-diaphragm
-voegeli's method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Recovery time between sex
-higher for men |
|
|
Term
Erogenous zones
Learned or innate? |
|
Definition
Both.
-innate~ nerve endings
-learned~culture |
|
|
Term
Masturbation
normal or pathological? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes everything except intercourse |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal vs. abnormal positioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Linked to WASP roots
-distinctions extensively defined in Victorian period
-sexual scripts for men and women
-still present? Yes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-difficult not to make value judgements
-stereotypes |
|
|
Term
| binary system: no other options considered normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attitudes towards homosexuality: |
|
Definition
-born gay=accepting
-choose to be gay= not accepting |
|
|
Term
| Causes people remain single |
|
Definition
-cultural values
-individual choice
-greater job opportunities (for women) (alternative to marriage)
-improved contraception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Women tend to marry men older than them
-fact that there will be excess women w/ no men to choose from. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Heterogenous group
-divorced people~growing, many will remarry
-death of mates |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-More than 1 mil. black females than black males
-higher infant mortality rate
-higher adult mortality rate
-heavier losses of black males in war
-higher rates of incarceration
-maintenance of anti-miscegenation norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-More women than men
-marriage good for men, not as good for women
-Best to worst: married men/single women/single men/married women |
|
|
Term
Typeology of singlehood:
Voluntarily single |
|
Definition
-temporary~ plan to marry/remarry but not a priority
-stable~ no intention of marrying (religious) |
|
|
Term
Typeology of singlehood:
Involuntarily single |
|
Definition
-temporarily~actively seeking
-stable~ would like to marry/remarry but accepts singlehood as permenant |
|
|
Term
Concerns of singles:
Housing |
|
Definition
-more available in larger cities
-correlated w/ money/income
-discrimination rampant even though illegal |
|
|
Term
Concerns of singles:
Sexual Expression |
|
Definition
-double standard: slut/stud
-apparent longer shelf life of men compared to women |
|
|
Term
Concerns of singles:
Loneliness/Being alone |
|
Definition
-alleviation of loneliness= multibillion dollar industry
-clubs for almost any type of interest
-can be happy alone as well as lonely in a crowd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alliance of families
-not about love
-more pragmatic basis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No certainty of consummation
-all talk |
|
|
Term
| Changing economic base due to: |
|
Definition
| industrial rev. + urbanization + incr. protestant work ethic |
|
|
Term
Marriage Marketplace
Maximize reward, minimize cost |
|
Definition
-Eligible males/females
-"currency"= socially valued attributes
~formalized in terms of dowry
~gone "underground"
-LOVE dominates in western societies |
|
|
Term
| Male characteristics of love |
|
Definition
| Men fall in love more quickly and are impacted more by the termination of a relationship |
|
|
Term
Considerations in Marriage Marketplace:
Marriage gradient |
|
Definition
tendency for men to marry slightly inferior:
-status of males not dependent on women
-willing to marry someone of less status if: desirable characteristics
-men= what they do
-women=how she looks |
|
|
Term
Considerations in Marriage Marketplace:
Ideal for male dominated relationship |
|
Definition
-women can alter gradient by:
~marrying: younger men, shorter men, less educated men |
|
|
Term
Marriage Gradient
If true: |
|
Definition
| -cream of crop women and bottom of barrel men will not get married |
|
|
Term
Marketplace variables
Race |
|
Definition
-most conform to racial endogamy
-role of anti-miscegenation laws
-increasing interracial couples
-some pairings more likely than others
-greater acceptance of biracial children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ~marrying inside of group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marrying outside of group |
|
|
Term
Marketplace Variables:
Religion |
|
Definition
-depends on religion (some more accepting)
-level of religiosity: how closely you follow religious rules and regulations |
|
|
Term
Marketplace Variables:
Social Class |
|
Definition
-difficult to factor as definitions vary
-difficult to marry when contact is minimized |
|
|
Term
Marketplace Variables:
Propinquity |
|
Definition
Geographic location
-part of what is seen as "attractive" |
|
|
Term
Marketplace Variables:
Physical attractiveness |
|
Definition
plays more important than people admit
-the way we think people perceive us influences our self-images
~self-fulfilling prophecy
-attribute more positive qualities to people who are attractive
-symmetrical features = important |
|
|
Term
| Process of picking a spouse: |
|
Definition
-U.S.: need to get to know eachother
-Goffman notes this is problematic
~always trying to present ourself in best light
~Self-defeating always negotiating self-image
~trying to increase chance of "scoring" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In not so distant past: prelude to marriage
-set of semi-standardized rules:
~man asks woman out
~man pays
~man raises sexual agendas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fastest growing alternative but can occur via default.
-more likely to occur in large cities
-low level of religiosity
-men> for sexual gratification
-women> more likely as prelude to marriage
-does not result in less risk for divorce (actually higher risk) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Push factor of marriage (shotgun wedding)
-may provide incr. marital stressors
-age of couple, able to finish school?, support family? > factors that incr. stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more likely if not too young or too old
-age=relative, better if you have:
~emotional maturity
~economic maturity
~relationship maturity (communication)
~value maturity (recognize values) |
|
|
Term
| Negative Reasons people marry: |
|
Definition
1. Rebound
2. Rebellion
3. Escape (home)
4. Physical appearance
5. Loneliness
6. pity/obligation
7. social pressure
8. economic advancement |
|
|
Term
| More valid reasons to marry: |
|
Definition
1. Companionship
2. Emotional Security
3. Desire to have/raise children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The male or female anatomy/physiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beliefs that men and women are essentially different and should occupy different social roles, that women are not as fit as men to perform certain tasks and occupations, and that differential treatment of men and women is acceptable. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Sexism that takes the form of:
1. Denial of the existence of discrimination against women
2. Restatement of complaints about discrimination
3. Resentment of "special favors" for women |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Children that have some anatomical, chromosomal, or hormonal variation from the male or female biology that is considered "normal" |
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Term
|
Definition
| An identity adopted by those who are uncomfortable in the gender of their birth. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Wish surgery to conform their bodies to their gender identity. |
|
|
Term
Agentic/Instrumental Character Traits
(Stereotypically Masculine) |
|
Definition
Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition
-Enable people to accomplish difficult tasks or goals. |
|
|
Term
Communal/Expressive Character Traits
(Stereotypically Feminine) |
|
Definition
| Warmth, sensitivity, the ability to express tender feelings, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Culturally defined ways of being a man. The plural conveys the idea that there are various models of appropriate behavior. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Culturally defined ways of being a woman |
|
|
Term
| Gender Similarities Hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Assertion-backed by research- that there are few gender differences in characteristics and abilities. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Describes a situation in which the males in a dyad or group assume authority over females. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical processes within the body regulated by such hormones as Testosterone (male) and estrogen (female). Thought to shape behavior as well as physical development and reproductive functions, although experts disagree on behavioral impact. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A process by which people develop their human capacities and acquire a unique personality and identity and by which culture is passed down from generation to generation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Children learn gender roles as they are taught by parents, schools, and the media. |
|
|
Term
| Self-Identification Theory (Cognitive-developmental theory) |
|
Definition
| A theory of gender socialization that begins with a child's categorization of self as male or female. The child goes on to identify sex-appropriate behaviors in the family, media, and elsewhere to adopt those behaviors. |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic Interaction Theory |
|
Definition
Children develop self-concepts based on social feedback.
-Looking glass self
-Role taking |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a strong feeling, arising without conscious mental or rational effort |
|
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Term
|
Definition
arise in the present rather than out of deficits accumulated in the past.
-ex: ongoing social and emotional support |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| arise from feelings of self-doubt, unworthiness, and inadequacy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an interpersonal process that involves the expression and sharing of emotions, communication of personal feelings and information, development of shared affection, support, and feeling closely connected with another person. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Requires determination to develop a relationship where experiences cover many areas of personality; where problems are worked through; where conflict is expected and seen as a normal part of the growth process; and where there is an expectation that the relationship is basically viable and worthwhile. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People engaging in self-disclosure (sharing of feelings) |
|
|
Term
| Sternberg's Triangular theory of love, intimacy |
|
Definition
Refers to close, connected, and bonded feelings in a loving relationship.
(Passion, Commitment, & intimacy)= consummate love |
|
|
Term
Sternberg's Triangular theory of love:
Passion |
|
Definition
| Refers to the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation, and the like in a loving relationship. |
|
|
Term
Sternberg's Triangular theory of love
Commitment |
|
Definition
The decision- 2 parts
~Short-term: the decision that one loves someone
~Long-term: the commitment to maintain that love |
|
|
Term
Sternberg's Triangular theory of love
Consummate love |
|
Definition
| Complete love... a kind of love toward which one many of us strive, especially in romantic relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fantasy of being with someone (not just sexually)
-pretty normal
-may grow into genuine love but oftentimes it does not. |
|
|
Term
| 6 steps to enhancing self worth |
|
Definition
-Being aware if what's going on around us (living consciously)
-Being a friend to yourself, self-acceptance
-Taking responsibility for actions and goal attainment
-Honoring wants, needs, values, seeking appropriate forms of self-expression (self-assertiveness)
-Setting realistic goals and working toward their achievement or living purposefully
-Practicing behavior that is congruent with self set values |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of a person's self-concept; it involves feelings that people have about their own value. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Enhances a person's capacity to love others. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance, together with an overblown concern with ones own self-image and how one appears to others- not with one's own or other's true feelings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves reliance on another or others for continual support or assurance, coupled with subordination- being easily influenced or controlled by those who are also greatly needed. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Involves self-reliance and self-sufficiency and may imply that the individual functions in isolation from others. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Loving; a relationship in which individuals retain a degree of autonomy and sense of self, yet simultaneously make strong commitments to each other. |
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Term
|
Definition
Partners have a strong couple identity, but little sense of themselves as individuals.
-they lean on eachother |
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Term
|
Definition
| Partners stand virtually alone, each is self-sufficient and neither influenced much by the other. There is little or no couple identity and little emotionality. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Rest on interdependence: each partner has an adequate sense of self and partners experience a loving as a deep emotion.
-involves mutual influence and emotional support |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Holds that during infancy and childhood a young person develops a general style of attaching to others.
-once established, it it unconsciously applied to later relationships. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Develops in children who can trust that a caretaker will be there to attend to their practical and emotional needs. |
|
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Term
| Insecure/anxious attachment |
|
Definition
| Concern that the beloved will disappear, a situation often characterized as fear of abandonment. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Develops in children who are or feel uncared for or abandoned.
--adult dodges closeness |
|
|
Term
Reiss' Theory:
Wheel of Love |
|
Definition
4 stages in development of love:
-self-rapport, self-revelation, mutual dependency, and personality need fulfillment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Rest on mutual trust and respect
-similarity of values, interests, background, social class, and religion> more likely |
|
|
Term
Self-revelation
(self-disclosure) |
|
Definition
| Gradually sharing intimate information about oneself. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Two people desire to spend more time together and develop the kind of interdependence described in M-frame relationships. |
|
|
Term
| Personality need fulfillment |
|
Definition
Two people find that they satisfy a majority of each other's emotional needs.
-stable emotional exchange and mutual support developed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can back track and cause problems in the relationship
-loss of communication, etc. |
|
|
Term
misconceptions of love
(1-4) |
|
Definition
-infatuation equals love; chemistry is all that matters
-if it isn't perfect, it wasn't meant to be
-you can't rekindle passion; once love dies, you can't ever get it back
-There is one true soul mate for everyone; if you meet the right person, you will live happily ever after |
|
|
Term
misconceptions of love
(5-7) |
|
Definition
-Love conquers all; if a relationship is tough, it means you have the wrong partner
-Love is a static state; once you fall in love, you get on a high and stay there forever.
-Love is a feeling; and you either have it or don't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both partners meet one another's needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemical naturally produced in our brains
-acts upon pleasure sensors in our brains
-gives feelings of enjoyment and motivation to continue the pleasurable activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-love/cuddle hormone
-related to human feelings of deep friendship, trust, sexuality, love, bonding, and commitment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person who does not experience sexual desire. Different from abstinence |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| women's sexuality and associated fertility = resources that can be exchanged for economic support, protection, and societal status. |
|
|
Term
| Interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction |
|
Definition
| Brings the exchange theory closer to sex in the human experience. |
|
|
Term
| Interactionist perspective |
|
Definition
Emphasizes the interpersonal negotiation of relationships in the context of sexual scripts.
-How we are sexual=cultural
-that we Are sexual=biological |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Characterized by many beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors developed to protect the male line of descent.
-Men are to control female's sexuality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sees sexuality as basic to humanness of both women and men
-there is no one-sided sense of ownership
-orgasm is important for both sexes
-not only or primarily for reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the taken-for-granted system of belief, values, and customs that places superior value on heterosexual behavior and denies or stigmatizes non-heterosexual behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viewing homosexuals with fear, dread, aversion, or hatred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maintains that regardless of the circumstances, non-marital intercourse is wrong.
-for women and men |
|
|
Term
| Permissiveness with affection |
|
Definition
Permits non-marital intercourse for both sexes equally, provided they have a fairly stable, affectionate relationship.
-may be the most widespread sexual norm among unmarried people |
|
|
Term
| Permissiveness without affection |
|
Definition
recreational sex; allows intercourse for both sexes regardless of a relationship
-intercourse between people who are briefly acquainted is permitted
~"friends with benefits/ hook ups" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypothesis that the decline in sexual frequency over a marriage results from habituation |
|
|
Term
| Steps offending spouse should take in an extramarital affair occurs: |
|
Definition
-apologize sincerely and without defending her/his behavior
-allow and hear the verbally vented anger and rage of the offended partner
-allow for trust to rebuild gradually & realize it may take a long time
-do things to help offended partner to regain trust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The decreased interest in sex that results from the increased accessibility of a sexual partner and the predictability in sexual behavior with that partner over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The convergence of sexual satisfaction with general satisfaction, by which partners commit themselves to expressing their sexual feelings with each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsibility for his or her own sexual response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To see sex as an extension of the whole relationship rather than as a purely physical exchange, or separate aspect of marriage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fundamental component of social organization in which, individuals, occupying defined statuses, are regulated by social norms, public opinion, law, and religion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| permanence, coupled in society with expectations of monogamous sexual exclusivity. |
|
|
Term
| Expectations of permanence |
|
Definition
| derive from the fact that historically, marriage was a practical institution. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| having more than one spouse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to marriages in which one or both partners retain the option to sexually love others in addition to their spouse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marriage arrangement in which couples exchange partners in order to engage in purely recreational sex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the family one grew up with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| family formed by marrying and having children |
|
|
Term
| Deinstitutionalization of marriage |
|
Definition
| Situation in which time-honored family definitions and social norms 'count for far less' than in the past. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The single-earner, breadwinner-homemaker marriage that flourished in the 1950's. Although husbands and wives usually adhered to strict division of labor; they were supposed to be each other's companion. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| marriage as a social institution based on dutiful adherence to time-honored marriage premise: norm of permanence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concept associated with the argument that contemporary marriage in the U.S. and other fully industrialized western societies is no longer institutionalized. |
|
|
Term
| 4 Characteristics of Individualized marriage |
|
Definition
1. it is optional
2. Spouses' roles are flexible- negotiable and renegotiable
3. Its expected rewards involve love, communication, and emotional intimacy
4. It exists in conjunction with a vast diversity of family forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by tolerance and diversity, rather than a single family ideal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posits that many of the benefits of marriage are therefore actually due to personal characteristics of those who choose to marry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holds that something about the experience of being married itself causes these benefits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of legal marriage in which the bride and groom agree to be bound by a marriage contract that will not let them get divorced as easily as is allowed under no-fault divorce laws. |
|
|
Term
| Healthy Marriage Initiative |
|
Definition
| Federal program targeted to welfare recipients consisting of workshops on listening, communication, and problem-solving skills, as well as presentations on the value of marriage. |
|
|
Term
| Temporary Assistance for Needy Families |
|
Definition
| Federal legislations that replaces aid to families with dependent children and whereby government welfare assistance to poor parents is limited to five years for most families, with most adult recipients required to find work in two years. |
|
|
Term
| Increase in singlehood results from: |
|
Definition
1. Low sex ratios
2. Incr. educational and economic options or disadvantages
3. technological changes regarding pregnancy
4. Changing cultural attitudes towards marriage and singlehood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deep conflict over matters concerning human sexuality and gender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Legislation that allows any two single adults- including same sex partners or blood relatives- to have access to virtually all marriage rights and benefits on the state level, but none on the federal level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federal statute declaring marriage to be a legal union of one man and one woman, denying gay couples many of the civil advantages of marrying and relieving states of the obligation to grant reciprocity to marriages performed in another state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partner in an unmarried couple who have registered their partnership with a civil authority and then enjoy SOME rights, benefits, and entitlements that have traditionally been reserved for marrieds. |
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