Term
Wingate Cycle Test
(Full 30 second contribution) |
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Definition
PCr= 23-28%
Glycolysis= 49-56%
Aerobic= 16-28%
So, Anaerobic= 72-84% |
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Term
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Definition
PCr= 87 umol/g dry weight
Cr= 41
ATP= 24
TAN (ATP,ADP,AMP)= 27.5 |
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Term
| Resting Levels in Type I and II Fibers |
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Definition
Glycogen= ~400, ~480
PCr= ~70-85, 80-90
ATP= 22-25, 22-25
All Units= mmol/kg dry wt. muscle |
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Term
During Aerobic Exercise...
(65% VO2max to Volitional Exhaustion) |
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Definition
Metabolite= Rest, Exercise
PCr= 87, 66
Cr= 41, 63
ATP= 24, 22.5
TAN (ATP,ADP,AMP)= 27.5, 26
All Units= umol/g dry wet. |
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Term
| Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism |
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Definition
*The muscle cell is attempting to maintain the Atp levels at all times
*Critical to cell balance is the ATP:ADP ratio
*Typically this ratio is ~6:1
Myokinase Reaction:
ADP+ADP<->ATP+AMP
AMP+H2O<->IMP+NH3(ammonia) |
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Term
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Definition
| 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate |
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Term
| Major Pathways of Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism |
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Definition
1. ATP hyrolysis (ATPase)
2. Adenylate kinase (Myokinase)
3. AMP deaminase
4. 5'nucleotidase (low)
5. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
6. Xanthine dehydrogenase (low)
7. Purine salvage pathway
8. De novo synthesis
9. Purine nucleotide cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of 11 rxns to build a IMP using glutamine, glycine, and aspartate |
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Term
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Definition
Restoration of purines (ultimately ATP) with nucleosides and bases that do not escape the muscle cell duirng exercise
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Term
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Definition
| THe more PRPP available, the greater the activation of the De Novo synthesis and Salvage pathways |
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Term
| When are the ATP/PCr system activated at the onset of exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the glycolytic system activated at onset of exercise? |
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Definition
| Appears to be activated immediately or almost immediately |
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Term
| Does the muscle cell want to maintain the ATP levels, and how is this regulated? |
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Definition
| Yes the muscle cell wants to maintain ATP levels, and it is tightly regulated by the ATP:ADP ratio |
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Term
| During high intensity exercise, how much is the ATP pool depleted? |
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Definition
| 40-50% in human skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Does ribose supplementation help maintain/restore ATP levels via the PRPP salvage and de novo synthesis pathways? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactate Levels in Blood and muscle |
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Definition
Lactate level- (Blood at rest- 0.4 mM) (Blood exercise- 20-25 mM) (Muscle rest- 1.0 mM/ kg ww) (Muscle Exercise- 25-30 mM/kg ww)
pH level- (Blood rest- 7.4) (Blood exercise- 6.8) (Muscle rest- 7.1) (Muscle exercise- 6.5) |
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Term
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Definition
*The lactate to pyruvate ratio (L/P) is ~10 in resting muscle
*This ratio can increase several fold (>100?) during intense exercise
*This ratio can also increase several fold even when there is no limitation in oxygen supply |
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Term
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Definition
1) Intracellular lactate shuttle: cytosolic lactate enters the mitochondria where it can be oxidized
2) Intercellular lactate shuttle: cytosolic lactate enters an adjacent muscle fiber
3) Lactate diffusion: cytosolic lactate enters the blood and can be transported to the liver, heart, or other muscle cells |
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Term
| Is lactate a metabolic waste product or substrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can lactate be oxidized? |
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Definition
Within the muscle cell, adjacent muscle cells, and different muscle cells.
It also can be oxidized in the heart and converted to glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis) |
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Term
| Where are lactate transporters (MCT) located? |
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Definition
| The muscle cells and mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| Where does LDH also exist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What accounts for the lower lactate levels during submaximal exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| Astrand's Glycogen Loading |
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Definition
1. Complete an exhaustive training bout 7 days before event
2. Eat fat and protein for next 3 days and reduce training load; this increases glycogen synthesis
3. Eat a CHO-rich diet for remaining 3 days before event and reduce training load; because of increased glycogen synthesis, more glycogen is stored |
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Term
| Sherman's Glycogen Loading |
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Definition
7 days before competition
-Reduce training intensity
-Eat a normal, healthy mixed diet with 55% CHO
3 days before competition
-Reduce trainig to daily warm-up of 10 to 15 minutes
-Eat a CHO-rich diet |
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Term
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Definition
-Eating too clsoe to competition will decrease blood glucose levels
-Best to eat a light meal ~2 hours or immediately prior (<5 min) to competition |
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Term
| At rest, glucose uptake by the muscles accounts for how much of the total energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much glucose uptake by the muscles that accounts for the total energy increase during exercise? |
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Definition
| It can increase 10-20 times during exercise |
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Term
| During extended exercise, blood glucose may account for how much of the muscles carbohydrate use? |
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Definition
| 75-90% of the muscles carbohydrate use |
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Term
| During typical submaximal exercise, working muscles take up an average of how much of the glucose circulated to it? |
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of studies show that CHO ingestion during exercise improved performance provided how much g/hr? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the recommendation from an exercise physiologists viewpoint to ingest how much g of CHO/hr for exercise lasting longer than 1-2 hours? |
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Definition
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Term
| Effects of Solution Characteristics on the Rate of Gastric Emptying |
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Definition
Volume of the solution
-Increases with larger volumes
Caloric content
-Decreases as the caloric density increases
Osmolarity
-Decreases with hyperosmolar solutions
Temperature
-Faster for cooler fluids than warm solutions
pH
-Decreases with more acidic solutions |
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Term
| What exercise intensities percentage of VO2max slows gastric emptying? |
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Definition
| Above 70-80% Vo2max slows gastric emptying |
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Term
| T/F- Gastric emptying is the same at rest as it is at exercise intensities below 70% VO2max |
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Definition
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Term
| Does an individuals fitness affect gastric emptying? |
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Definition
| Yes it does, the more fit, the less exercise affects gastric emptying |
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Term
| Is gastric emptying affected by exercise duration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does different types of activity affect gastric emptying differently? |
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Definition
| Yes gastric emptying is affected differently by different types of activities |
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Term
| What sugars empty fastest from digestive tract? |
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Definition
| Fructose, glucose, and maltodextrin |
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Term
| What do concentrations less than 11 g of CHO per 100 ml do? |
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Definition
| They empty faster but don't supply the full energy needed for prolonged exercise |
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Term
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Definition
-Water intake is primary
-Drinking 4 g to 8 g of CHO per 100 ml solution every 10-15 minutes reduces risk of dehydration and provides a partial energy supplement |
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Term
| Is there a difference in muscle glycogen restoration rate when consuming a carbohydrate-protein mixture? |
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Definition
| No difference in muscle glycogen. As long as adequate carbohydrate is consumed (>0.7 g/kg bw/hr), maximal re-synthesis rates are achieved |
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Term
| Does glycogen loading delay the onset of fatigue? |
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Definition
| Yes it does delay the onset of fatigue |
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Term
| Does maintaining normal blood glucose levels allow the muscles to obtain more energy from blood glucose? |
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Definition
| Yes it does allow the msucles to obtain more energy from blood glucose, sparing liver and muscle glycogen reserves. |
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