Term
Adduction
Abduction
Rotation, internal
Rotation, external
Flexion
Extension Hyperextension
Subination
Pronation
Circumduction
Inversion
Eversion
Opposition |
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Definition
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Term
Lordosis
Kyphosis
Scoliosis |
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Definition
-Lordosis is the inward curvature of a portion of the lumbar and cervical vertebral column.
-Kyphosis (from Greek – kyphos, a hump), also called roundback or Kelso's hunchback, is a condition of over-curvature of the thoracic vertebrae (upper back).
-Scoliosis (from Greek: σκολίωσις skoliosis "obliquity, bending") is a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side. |
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Term
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Definition
-Reticular formation= issues in this part of the brain causes balance problems.
-Vestibular Apparatus=In the ear, detect movement of head, send info to help equilibrium. |
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Term
| Benefits of exercise for the older adult? |
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Definition
Decreased
-Bone and Muscle Loss
-Functional Deadline
-Fall-Related Injuries
-Pressure Ulcers
Improved
-Bone Strength
-Self-Esteem
Independence |
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Term
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Definition
Aerobic
-Short bursts of activity like lifting weights
Anaerobic
-Longer energy like running
Isotonic
-Joint going through full range of motion (muscle exercising=running)
Isometric
-Tightening and release it (press hands together) |
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Term
| Characteristics of normal movement |
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Definition
-ADLS
-Full Range of Motion
-Normal gate |
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Term
| Diseases affecting physical activity |
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Definition
-Musculoskeletal
=Osteoarthritis(progressive deterioration of cartilage in joints)
=Osteoporosis("pore" bones become porus b/c loose calcium)
-Disorders of the central nervous system
-Circulation and oxygenation
-Energy
-Psychological
-Trauma
-Therapeutic Modalities(dr. puts patient on bed rest) |
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Term
| Effects of Aging on Mobility |
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Definition
-Lean muscle mass is replaced by fat deposits
-Impaired balance
=flattened lumbar spine
=wider stance
=cognition
-Altered Calcium Metabolism
=Fragility of bones
=Changes in height and posture
-Degeneration Alternatives in Joints
=Limited Range of Motion |
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Term
| Manifestations of Altered Mobility |
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Definition
-Decreased Muscle Strength and Tone
-Lack of Coordination
-Altered Gate
-Falls
-Decreased Joint Flexibility
-Pain on Movement
-Activity Intolerance |
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Term
Define
-Flaccidity
-Spasticity
-Ataxic Gate
-Waddling
-Hemiplegic
-Festinating
-Tremor
-Dystonia |
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Definition
-Decrease Muscle Tone
-Increased Muscle Tone
-Staggering Gate
-walk with short steps and a clumsy swaying motion.
-Paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on the same side of the body
- small shuffling steps and a general slowness of movement (hypokinesia), or even the total loss of movement (akinesia) in the extreme cases.[
-Movement at rest
-Slow irregular twisting motions |
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Term
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Definition
*Atrophy-Decrease in Muscle strength
*Joint Stiffness/Contractures-foot drop
*Calcium Loss/Renal Calculi/Fracture=Lead to fracture
*Pooling of Secretions/Infection=
*Increase Workload on the Heart/Venous Stasis and Edema=Blood can't flow
*Risk for clotting/DVT=Deep vein thrombosis(clot in vein, embolism, clot traveling
*Orthostatic Hypotension=Decreased Ability to maintain systemic BP, person sitting get drop in BP when stand up |
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Term
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Definition
*Integument (skin breakdown)
*Gastrointestinal (Constipation, Malnutrition)
*Genitourinary (UTI)
*Sleep Disturbance
*Psychological (Loss of dignity, depression, loss of independence) |
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Term
| Normal Pattern Identification: History/Subjective Data (Questions) |
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Definition
-Normal Activity Pattern
-Exercise and Leisure
-Perform ADLS?
-Lifestyle
-Fitness Goals |
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Term
| Risk Identification: Subjective (Questions) |
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Definition
-Medical History or Health Problems
-Recent change in mobility or activity level
-Sensory Impairment
-History of Falls
-Medication and Subjective Use
-Use of Assistive Devices |
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Term
| Dysfunction Identification: Physical/Objective Data |
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Definition
-patient reports
-inability to perform ADLs
-Adaptations or limitations
-Dizziness/Syncope, Pain with activity
-Numbness, Tremors, tingling
-Fear
-Negative Psychosocial (effecting social life, ability to work, access to resources) |
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Term
| Mobility Assessment: Physical/Objective Data (look for?) |
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Definition
-Balance, coordination
-altered cognition
-body alignment: Standing and sitting, lying
-Environment
-Gait (steady/altered, ambulation, transfer, reposition)
-Joint structure and function (ROM, crepitus)
-Muscle tone, strength, and mass
-Deformity, redness
-Activity Intolerance (weakness, BP)
-Specialty/ Focused assessments (fall risk, skin integrity) |
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Term
| Mobility Assessment: Diagnostics (look to see issue with?) |
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Definition
-radiographic studies (xray)
-Arthroscopy
-Hematologic studies
-Nutrition assessment (too thin/too obese |
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Term
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Definition
| Brings air in warm/humidify, filter out dust |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what controls ventilation? |
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Definition
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Term
| normal breathing is? Called? |
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Definition
| Unlabored 12-20 breaths per min. |
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Term
| Factors affecting respiratory function |
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Definition
*body position
*respiratory rate and depth
*lung compliance (can lungs take in air)
*lung elasticity (expand/recoil)
*Airway resistance
*enviornment (pollutions, allergens) |
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Term
| Factors Affecting Respiratory Function |
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Definition
Life Style and Habits
Smoking
Drugs and Alcohol
Nutrition
The Older Adult
Diseases Affecting |
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Term
| What does smoking do to the body? |
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Definition
*constricts bronchioles
*increases fluid secretion into the airways
*inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining
*paralyzes cilia
*reduced airflow and increased production of secretions
*enzymes that break down elastin and other alveolar wall components.
*chronic bronchitis
*emphysema. |
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Term
| What does obesity do to the respiratory system |
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Definition
*Hypoventilation(don't breathe as deep)
*Dyspnea or Shortness of Breath (SOB)(even at rest)
*Increased Risk for Infection (airways can't clear themselves, inneffective airway clearence)
*Sleep Apnea: (Upper airway constriction when lying down)
*Increased risk for Atherosclerosis (impaired blood flow due to diet) and Hypertension (heart work harder to get blood through vascular system) |
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Term
| Factors Influencing Respiration in the Older Adult |
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Definition
*Calcification of costal cartilage leads to diminished expansion and recoil
*Diminished cough reflex leading to difficulty expelling mucus or foreign material
*Diminished ability to increase ventilation when oxygen demand increases.
*Fewer cilia
*Declining immune response
*Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) |
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Term
| Pathophysiological Conditions |
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Definition
*Respiratory Infections
-Upper Tract
-Lower Tract
*Pulmonary System Abnormalities
-Structural/Restricted Lung Movement
-Airway Inflammation and Obstruction
-Alveolar-Capillary Membrane Disorders
*Pulmonary Circulation Abnormalities
-Thrombus/Embolus
*Central Nervous System Abnormalities
*Neuromuscular Abnormalities |
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Term
| Diseases affecting Respiratory Function |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
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Definition
*A disorder usually associated with long-term smoking
*Abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases
*Airflow limitation that is not fully reversible
*Bronchitis (chronic): chronic productive cough
*Emphysema: permanent enlargement of the air spaces and destruction of lung walls
-Increased residual volume/decreased chest compliance and elastic recoil. |
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Term
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Definition
*A chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways.
*Causes recurring periods of wheezing, shortness of breath. |
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Term
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Definition
*An acute infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.
*Caused by a variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi.
*The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills and difficulty breathing.
*Consolidated lung tissue may be heard as bronchial breath sounds over vesicular areas of the lungs. |
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Term
| Altered Respiratory Function |
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Definition
*Cough
*Sputum Production
*Shortness of Breath
-Dyspnea
*Chest Pain |
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Term
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Definition
respiratory rate: 12-20
BP: 90-119/60-79
High BP (hypertension): 120/80 and above
Low BP (hypotension): 90/60 and below |
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Term
| Respiratory Effort and Breathing Patterns |
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Definition
*Unlabored
*Stridor, Wheezing,Congestion
*Pursed Lip Breathing
*Use of Accessory Muscles
*Hyperventilation
*Hypoventilation |
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Term
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Definition
*No cough
*Dry, Productive, Hacking
*What are the other clinical findings?
*Assess sputum color, amount, odor, presence of blood(hemoptysis), time of day
*Obtain samples |
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Term
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Definition
Preventing Respiratory Infections
Encouraging Smoking Cessation
Reducing Allergens
Monitoring Peak Flow
Providing Adequate Hydration
Positioning and Ambulation
Deep Breathing and Coughing
Incentive Spirometry |
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Term
| Nursing Interventions for Altered Respiratory Function |
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Definition
*Fowler's
*Facilitate airway
*Maximize lung expansion
*Clear secretions
*Maximize oxygenation
*Positioning and Ambulation
*Deep Breathing and Coughing
*Teach Pursed Lip Breathing
*Chest Physiotherapy and Postural Drainage
*Oxygen Therapy
*Hydration
*Consult Respiratory Therapist |
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Term
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Definition
*Infection Control
*Medications
*Home Oxygen Systems
*Energy Conservation
*Fostering Self-Esteem |
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Term
Function of the Cardiovascular System
Heart, Bloode Vessels |
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Definition
*Heart
Impulse Conduction
Blood flow through the heart
Cardiac Output
*Blood Vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Tissue Perfusion |
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Term
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Definition
-heart contraction
-heart relaxing |
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Term
Tricuspid Valve
Mitral Valve
Aortic Valve
Pulmonic Valve |
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Definition
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Term
Automaticity
Contractility |
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Definition
-generates its own pulse
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Term
| Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Function |
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Definition
*Non-Modifiable
Gender
Culture/Race
Age
Medical and Family History
Personality Type?
*Modifiable
Medication and Drug Use
Stress
Lifestyle
Environment
Disease Processes |
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Term
| Disease Processes Affecting Cardiovascular Function |
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Definition
Hypertension
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)[failure of pump right or left]
Diabetes-cardiovascular failure greatest cause of death.
Atherosclerosis-Plac build up.
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Hypercholesterolemia-increase cholesterol in blood
Renal Failure
Aneurysm-AAA=abdominal aortic aneurysm
Clotting Disorders-too quickly or not fast enough.
Dysrhythmias-heart not beating in normal rhythym. Atrial fibulation (problem with the electrical impulse)
Anemia |
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Term
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Definition
An abnormally low level of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both
Causes of anemia include blood loss, abnormal destruction of red blood cells, and deficiencies of red blood cell production (iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, aplastic anemia, and anemias of chronic disease and chemotherapy) |
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Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Anemia |
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Definition
Angina
Fatigue/Weakness/General Malaise
Restlessness/Anxiety
Dyspnea
Nail beds, skin, mucous membranes and conjunctiva become pale
Tachycardia
Cold Intolerance |
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Term
| Factors Influencing Circulation in the Older Adult |
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Definition
Heart muscle loses contractile strength
Heart valves become thicker and more rigid
Increased vascular resistance (ateries=more resistance increased BP, plac on wall.)
Dysrhythmias |
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Term
| Altered Cardiovascular Function |
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Definition
Changes in Vital Signs
Blood Pressure
Pulse Character
Heart Rate
Respiration |
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Term
| Signs of Altered Cardiovascular Function (skin) |
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Definition
Changes in the Skin
*Color
Pink (normal healthy)
Flushed(fever, embarassed temporary)
Rubor(red skin=hyperemia increased blood flow)
Pallor(pale=decreased RBC, anemic)
Central Cyanosis(serious sign of low oxygenation lips and oral cavity)
Peripheral Cyanosis(restriction in certain area vasoconstriction=fingers, toes)
*Temperature (warm and dry, hot=temperature increased blood flow, cold=low blood flow,
*Moisture(sweat=shock, cool, but clammy, very dry=dehydrated, shiney dry=inadequate nutrition)
*Nails(thickened, cracked, dry)
*Hair Distribution(circulation, not getting there)
*Skin Integrity(bruise easily) |
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Term
| Signs of Altered Cardiovascular Function |
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Definition
*Decreased Cardiac Output
-Myocardial Infarction (MI)
~Heart attack
~Muscle damage
-Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
~Decreased cardiac output
~issue with valves or disrythmia
*Altered Blood Flow
-Alterations in the Blood
~too many or too little RBCs
-Arterial
~Stiffins, aneurisms
-Capillary
~Increased BP, Edema b/c fluid backs up they become permiable
-Venous
~venous pooling=edema |
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