Term
| 5 Categories of Neutralization |
|
Definition
+ Denial of responsibility
+ Condemnation of condemners
# I cheated because the instructors a jerk, he doesn't know how to teach etc.
+ appeal to higher loyalties
# I cheated to help a friend etc. Commitment to individual
+ denial of victim
# Cheating didn't hurt anybody
+ denial of injury
# Not that important, not a big deal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ Religiosity
o Levels of membership in religious organization
+ Except for US, considerable decline in advanced, industrialized societies (with variation)
o Influence, Prestige, Wealth of religious organization
+ Over last two centuries, religious organizations have rapidly declined in influence, social status, and wealth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ a church formally allied with the state
+ Islam in Saudi Arabia, Morocco
+ Anglican Church in England
+ Count on every member of the society as a member of the church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ a church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism
# Catholics, Lutherans, Methodists, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ a type of religious organization that stands apart from the larger society
+ Ex: the Amish
+ Less formal than churches
+ often a “spin-off” from a church
+ stress personal divinity, not abstract preaching
+ leaders often charismatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ assaults and other malicious acts (including property crimes) motivated by various forms of bias including, but not limited to: race, religion, sexuality, ethnicity, gender, disability
+ reported incidents on the rise
+ really an increase in hate crimes or in hate crime reporting? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ crime committed by organized groups, typically involved in the provision of illegal goods and services
+ racketeering, extortion, drug distribution, money laundering, etc.
+ often develop along ethnic/racial ties
+ organized under same principles as legitimate business/organizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ criminal activities by persons of high social status who commit their crimes in the context of their occupation
+ Embezzlement, tax fraud/evasion, illegal stock manipulations
+ Generally generates less social concern and thus less severe punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ involve theft or change of property without the threat of personal bodily harm
+ burglary, larceny, auto theft, arson, vandalism, etc.
+ The most frequent criminal infractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ religious organization that is largely outside of a society's culture traditions
+ Ex: Heaven's Gate, Branch Davidians, Scientology
+ Generally formed and led by a charismatic leader
+ Most religions begin as cults
# Christianity, Judaism, Islam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ violate laws but do not involve threat of bodily harm to another or threat of property loss or change to another
+ drug use, gambling, prostitution
+ Often no complainant
+ Enforcement often not as rigorous as personal or property crimes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ violent or non-violent crimes directed at or against people
+ Rape, murder, assault, robbery, etc.
+ Assault is the most highly reported personal crime |
|
|
Term
| The Recipe for Legitimation of a Social Order |
|
Definition
o Have the current situation interpreted to hide its origins, and appear as existent since the beginning of time
o Make sure people forget that men made and maintain this social order
o Make them believe that their actions connect them to this fundamental order |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o In other words, to keep people in line (to maintain strong social control), give them Religion!
o Sounds like Berger might be a bit of a Conflict Theorist too... |
|
|
Term
| 5 Fundamentals of Fundamentalism |
|
Definition
o Literal interpretation of religious texts
+ “Bible says...”
o Rejection of religious pluralism
o Pursue personal experience of God’s presence
+ “Born-Again” experience
o Opposition to “secular humanism”
+ Forget science, read the sacred texts for answers
o Endorse conservative political goals
+ In US: oppose abortion, favor of school prayer, like 10 commandments, etc. |
|
|
Term
Steven Spitzer, Deviance and capitalism
* “deviant” applied to those who interfere with the operation of capitalism
* Who is deviant? |
|
Definition
o People who threaten the private property of others
o People who cannot work
o People who resist authority
o People who challenge capitalist status quo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
o Ex: “alcoholic”, “criminal” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
o Ex: “alcoholic”, “criminal” |
|
|
Term
| Differential Association Theory |
|
Definition
o depending on the subcultures and social environment, you are more or less likely to be “encouraged” to commit crime
o encouraged how?
+ Deviance is accepted in this subcultures
+ Lots of deviants around |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o quasi-religious loyalty binding individuals in a basically secular society
o US and citizenship/Democracy |
|
|
Term
| Religion is about beliefs that transcend everyday human activity |
|
Definition
o salvation, life after death, etc.
o Therefore, we don't try to disprove religion. Religion requires faith.
+ Faith: belief anchored in conviction rather than scientific/empirical evidence |
|
|
Term
| Functional analysis of religion |
|
Definition
o society is “god-like”
+ has an existence outside of the individual
o Everyday objects become symbols of sacred and reinforce values, norms
+ Totem: an object in the world collectively defined as sacred
+ Ex: American Flag, Cross, Animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o that which people define as an ordinary element of human life
o everything begins profane; things become sacred as people attach meaning to them |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic Interaction: Deviance |
|
Definition
* Labeling theory
o deviance and conformity do not result from what people do but from how others respond to those actions
o Individuals are thus labeled by society/others as deviant, not inherently deviant re:social norms |
|
|
Term
| World-accommodating movements |
|
Definition
* Most similar to “mainstreams” religions
* stress importance of inner religious life over worldly concerns
* reclaim spiritual purity lost in modern life
* Example
o Pentecostalism |
|
|
Term
| Why the rise in New religions (particularly in the west)? |
|
Definition
* Outcome of secularization and liberalization
* Comfort in smaller communities
* Dissatisfaction with rigidity of established religions
* result of rapid social change
o New norms → Need for explanation
* Appeal to those alienated or outside of mainstream |
|
|
Term
Religion
Conflict Analysis |
|
Definition
* Religion is a social institution designed to support and maintain the social hierarchy
* Almost all religions are patriarchal
* Use of religion for military and political conquest
* Religion as policy justification
* Rationale for colonization, slavery, crusades, all sorts of stuff |
|
|
Term
Religion
Symbolic Interaction analysis |
|
Definition
* Religion is socially constructed and deployed in various ways by the religous in their social interactions
o “believer” - “believer” dyad
o “religious leader” - “follower” dyad
o “believer” - “non-believer” dyad
* Through ritual, individuals sharpen sacred/profane division
* “cosmic frame of reference”
o a “master script” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* Religious organizations involving thousands (sometimes tens of thousands) of participants at a given service
* Increasing numbers in US
* Often take the form of mini-malls or small towns
o Cafe, Book store, etc.
* Common among “non-denominational Christians”
o Believers in Christianity who do not affiliate with any particular Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, or other denomination, but generally follow an Evangelical Christian tradition.
* Implications?
o “the religious gated community”
o Loss dialogue with “outside” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* The linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny (often linked with a claimed “homeland” or “salvation” through evangelism)
* When multiple Religious Nationalism's occupy same territory ...
o Typically leads to violent conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* The rise in worldly thinking and a simultaneous decline in the influence of religion in social life and institutions
* Considered to be rapidly increasing throughout the world, primarily in advanced industrialized societies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religion
* Most religions have Fundamentalists |
|
|
Term
| Robert K. Merton, “Strain Theory” |
|
Definition
* a society's extent and kind of deviance depends on whether it provides the means to achieve cultural goals
* “Strain” between our culture's emphasis on wealth and lack of opportunity to attain it leads to crime/deviance |
|
|
Term
| World-affirming movements |
|
Definition
* self-help religious movements
* Lack rituals, buildings, and theology
* Focus on members spiritual well-being
* Examples
o Scientology, shamanism, Wicca, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Conflict theory of deviance |
|
Definition
1. Norms reflect interests of the powerful
2. Powerful can resist deviant labels
3. Belief that norms are “good” masks this power relation |
|
|
Term
| Socialist democracies (Cuba, China) |
|
Definition
-Democratic because government meets needs (education, health care etc)
-No real popular participation in the state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Power legitimized through divine intervention
-power, wealth is ascribed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-allows culture to exist
-cumulative human experience (able to pass ideas and knowledge across and w/in generations)
-allows individuals to move beyond individual experience
-provides shared social past
-allows complex shared behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-collective ownership
-pursuit of collective goals
-government control of economy |
|
|
Term
| Social Democracies (Sweden, Norway, Canada) |
|
Definition
-democratic through popular participation and through state efforts to equally distribute social services
-typically high voter turnout, free and fair elections |
|
|
Term
| "Value-neutral" on cultures |
|
Definition
-none "better" than any other
-elements of culture are to be understood w/in contexts, not evaluated by measuring stick |
|
|
Term
| Why does the State matter to sociology? |
|
Definition
-policies have a large impact on inequalities
-connections between the state and other institutions (e.g.: religion, families etc) |
|
|
Term
| The Power-Elite model (C. Wright Mills) |
|
Definition
-power is concentrated among rich
-control politics, economy, military
-individuals move from one sphere to others
-"Access to Polity" = political power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-power is dispersed among many competing interest groups
-all on equal footing
-system of compromise and veto power
-functionalist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-private property ownership
-pursuit of personal profit
-competition and consumer sovereignty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-requires freedom in terms of self interest
-political system centers around market logic
-Freedom defined as personal liberty |
|
|
Term
| Capitalist Democracies (US, Canada) |
|
Definition
-requires freedom in terms of self interest
-political system centers around market logic
-Freedom defined as personal liberty |
|
|
Term
| Government role in economy |
|
Definition
-set minimum wage
-safety standards
-trade
-anti-trust issues |
|
|
Term
cultural universals
(what do we share?) |
|
Definition
-some form of spoken language
-some form of family unit
-some form of incest taboo |
|
|
Term
| 2 primary functions of the state |
|
Definition
1. maintain domestic social order
2. maintain physical boundaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acceptance of means, loss of goal |
|
|
Term
| American values (R. Williams) |
|
Definition
Achievement and success
Individualism
activity and work
efficiency and practicality
science and technology
progress
material comfort
humanitarianism
freedom
democracy
equality
group superiority |
|
|
Term
| 5 permanent members of UN |
|
Definition
| China, France, Russia, UK, US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure |
|
|
Term
| Is culture dynamic or static? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct militarized conflict between the major political/military/economic powers of the global state system (WWI, WWII, NOT Cold War) |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic interaction view on social control |
|
Definition
| Humans interact with a set of assumptions about how one is to act in a given situation, role |
|
|
Term
| Formalized authority figures |
|
Definition
| Police, military officers, school administrators etc |
|
|
Term
| Authoritarianism (Saudi Arabia, Congo) |
|
Definition
| Political system that denies popular participation in government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reject goals and means, but form a counter-culture and advocate alternatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rejection of both cultural goals and means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The recognized violation of social norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The totality of learned, socially transmitted, customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior |
|
|
Term
| Alexander Liazos, Deviance and Power (conflict) |
|
Definition
| Those defined as deviant are often those without power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To study the social causes and effects of crime and social determinants of crime rates (and their variation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| US has some 12 million government employees, many paid through grants ans special fundings. -Not elected, but responsible for many decisions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unequal participation w/in US society
-class is defining variable
defining participation
-voting, registration, campaiging, donating
Necessary "resources" for participation
-money, time, labor
Who matters?
-"clearest and loudest" |
|
|
Term
| "culture wars" (efforts to change gender roles, marriage equality) |
|
Definition
| a cultural flashpoint when "old" established values are met/challenged by new/emerging values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political system that allows the citizens to participate in political decisions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political system that provides a wide range of welfare benefits to its citizens (welfare programs, medicare, social security, subsidies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process involving the enacting of policies and decisions on the par of officials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of norms, values different from the larger society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social institution invoking beliefs and practices based on a conception of the sacred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subculture that conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of deviant behavior related to the violation of criminal laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to pursue action to fulfill one's will (do whatever you want) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absence of obstacles to action (1st amendment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acting in accordance with cultural norms, "going with the flow" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actions carried out by formalized authority figures to deter norm violation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adjudicate and dispense punishment on violation of government laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abstract system of word meanings ans symbols for all aspects of culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an economic system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely w/ government |
|
|
Term
| Federalism (central tenet of American politics) |
|
Definition
authority and political power divided amongst subunits of the state (central power and constituent political units)
-US states are delegated authority over particular forms of the law |
|
|
Term
| Non-material culture (non tangible) |
|
Definition
| beliefs, values, assumptions about the world, language, gestures etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, proper (or the opposite) in culture |
|
|
Term
| Effects of secondary -> tertiary shift |
|
Definition
| creation of dual labor market, due to educational requirements |
|
|
Term
Culture as "Toolkit"
(Ann Swidler) |
|
Definition
| culture as a set of "tools" (values, behaviors, norms etc) that we choose from in a given social context or interaction (something humans use and can influence) |
|
|
Term
Culture
Symbolic interaction |
|
Definition
culture influences our interactions w/ other people by determining:
-how we play our social role
-the scripts we follow
-the meaning of cultural symbols
-The language we use, and its meaning across contexts |
|
|
Term
Culture
Functionalism (major change in culture is bad for society) |
|
Definition
culture is a primary "organ" of society
-interdependent w/ other key institutions (state, economy, education, family)
-elements of culture exist to maintain social order and stability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultures across societies differ, one society may contain various culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defends borders from invasion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
economic and political system that combines market-based economy w/ social welfare programs
-Govt owns largest industries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elements of culture are designed and perpetuated in order to serve the interests of those power.
(biases embedded in culture: race, gender, sexuality, class etc) |
|
|
Term
| Imperial/Colonial (interstate) War |
|
Definition
| engaged for the purpose of furthering political or economic power. Not interested in taking territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established standards of behavior maintained by society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extracting things from physical world
(mining, logging) |
|
|
Term
| value contradictions (often a source of change in society/culture) |
|
Definition
| freedom, democracy, equality, group superiority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally understood, but not recorded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| government, legal system, military |
|
|
Term
| Totalitarianism (North Korea, Nazi Germany) |
|
Definition
| highly centralized political system that extensively regulates peoples lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a 2 candidate election w/ a mass electorate, it is completely irrational to vote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individualism, work, material comfort, efficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involves services rather than goods
(IT, lawyer, teacher) |
|
|
Term
| material culture (tangible) |
|
Definition
| jewelery, art, buildings, technology, weapons, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jobs that provide extensive benefits, more permanent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lead individuals down a certain path when confronted with a decision
(switchman on railroad) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaders elected by the masses to make decisions on their behalf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limited government, individual liberty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
making raw materials into manufactured goods
(making cars, cereal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| militarized dispute between competing groups w/in a state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| militarized dispute with x number of combatant deaths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not all elements of society's culture change at the same rate (material culture often changes before non-material culture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not permanent, poor benefits (overrepresented by blacks and women) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized system of power and authority in society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| personal, property, elite/ white-collar, “Victimless”, organized, hate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| power legitimized through extraordinary personal abilities that inspire obedience and devotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| power legitimized through law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| power legitimized through respect for long established cultural patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| power people perceive as legitimate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pursuing conventional goals through approved means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| religion promotes conformity. Religious arguments for cultural/political activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| religion unites people through shared symbols, values, norms, and through ritual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule by a single family from generation to generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sets of individual values that group together to form a larger whole |
|
|
Term
| Conflict view on social control |
|
Definition
| social norms are created by powerful groups, and serve to maintain their power over other social groups |
|
|
Term
| Functionalist view on social control |
|
Definition
| social norms must be respected and deviation from them must be punished in order for a group or society to survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something to which people attach meaning and that they use to communicate with one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sometimes we use other labels for the elements and influences of culture in our daily lives (our "conscience" or "common sense") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supremacy of traditional institutions and rejection of radical change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| that which people set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the social institution that organizes a societies production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society (family, school, government) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life constitute the norm or are superior to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the various means of using one's body to communicate w/ others non-verbally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to view all aspects of behavior from the perspective of the particular culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| who can (effectively) run for office |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written down, have strict punishment for violators, often in the form of laws |
|
|
Term
Marx and Engles
* “Contribution to the Critique...”
o What is religion? |
|
Definition
|
|
