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| People with similar normas, values, that interact on a daily basis |
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| formal organization based on rules and hierarchial ranking to achieve efficiency |
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| study of formal org. that says workers are motivated by economic rewards |
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| temporary or permanent alliance toward a common goal |
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group designed for a special purpose
EX: postal service, maconalds, college |
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| conformity to a specific viewpoint |
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a study of formal org. that studies the role of people, communication and participation in a bureauracry
INTERACTIONIST APPROACH |
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| a model for evaluation specific cases |
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| a group to which people feel they belong |
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| principle that states even democractic societies will develop into a bureaucracy |
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| organized workers who share the same job or employer |
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| process by which fast food is going to dominate america and the world |
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| group to which people feel they dont belong |
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| prinicple that states every employee within a hierarchy will rise to his or her level of incompetance |
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| a small group characterized by intimate, association and cooperation |
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| a group that individuals use to evaluate themselves |
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| scientific managment approach |
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| another name for the classical theory |
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| a impersonal group with no intimacy or mutual understanding |
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| a group small enough that all the members interact simultaneously |
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| works full time from house |
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| workers that become so specialized they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems |
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| same place same time but do not interact |
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| people with the same status ex: retired |
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| 5 characteristcs of an ideal bureacucracy |
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Definition
1. division of labor
2. hierarchy of authority
3. rules and regulations
4. impersonality
5. employment based on technical qualifications |
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| techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behaivor in society |
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| penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm |
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| _________ maintain that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive |
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| ______ contend that the "successful functioning" of a society will consistentyl benefit the powerful and work to the disadvantage of other groups |
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____ theory...
resistance to social norms was neccesary to win independence from england
to overturn slavery
to allow women to vote
to secure civil rights
to force an end to vietnam |
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| going along with peers, individuls of our same status |
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| compliance with higher authorities |
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people use this to enforce norms.
ex: smiles, laughter, a raised eyebrow
people used to think that spanking, slapping children was a form of informal social control. |
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carried out by authorized agents,
ex: police officers, judges, etc.
ex: imprisonment |
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| government social control |
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| suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to a societys norms |
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| behaivor that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society |
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| alcoholics, compulsive gamblers, mentally ill are examples of _________ |
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| being late for class, wearing jeans to a wedding, being in an exclusive club and speaking out against a traditional policy of excluding women.....are examples of______ |
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| labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups |
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| FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE OF DEVIANCE |
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deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive as well as negative consequences for social stability. helps define the limits of proper behaivor
ex: children who see one parent scold the other for belching at dinner
ex: driver who receives a speeding ticket
ex: cashier tho is fired for yelling at a customer
ex: student whi is penalized for handing in papers late |
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| loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behaivor is ineffective |
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| mertons theory of deviance (anomie theory) |
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1. conformity to social norms
include 4 types of behaivor,
1. innovation
2. ritualism
3. retreatism
4. rebellion |
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accepts the goals of society, rejects hard work.
ex: a safecracker may steal money to buy consumer goods and expensive vacations |
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rejects societal goals, but accepts hard work.
ex: bureaucratic official who blindy applies rules and regulations without remembering the larger goals of an organization |
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rejects hard work, rejects societal goal
ex: drug addicts |
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feels alienatied from the dominant goals and may see a dramatically different order.
ex: member of a revolutionary organization, militia group |
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| INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE OF DEVIANCE |
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Definition
| emphasis on everday behaivor. offers two explanations of crime; cultural transmission and routine activities theory |
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emphasizes that one learns criminal behaivor by interacting with others
can also explain the reason why people habitually use drugs |
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| describe the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules |
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| routine activities theory |
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criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and targets converge.
ex: greater availability of more expensive cars, heightens the likelihood that such a crime wil occur.
ex: parents leaving a liquour cabinet unlocked, kids will take alcohol |
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| labeling theory (societal reaction approach) |
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| attempts to explain why certain people (roughnecks) are viewed as deviants, delinquants, bad kids, losers, and criminals, while others whose behaivor is similar (saints) are not seen in such harsh terms |
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| CONFLICT THEORY OF DEVIANCE |
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Definition
point out that pepple with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their needs.
argue that lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own morality.
criminal laws do not represent a consistent application of societal values.
ex: marijuana is illegal b.c it is harmful, yet ciggarettes and alcohol are legal. |
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| FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE OF DEVIANCE |
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many of the existing approaches to deviance and crime were developed with only men in mind.
ex: for many years, a husband was allowed to force his wife ito have sexual intercourse without her conesnt.
ex: in tennesse, a husband can use force to rape is wife as long as a weapon is not present
ex: females who have alot of sexual partners are viewd badly, and men who have many partners are glorified |
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| violation of criminal law for which some government authority applies formal penalites |
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willing exchange of goods/services among adults
ex: prostitution |
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| person who pursues crime as a day to day occupation, developing techniques |
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the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises invovled in illegal activities
serves as a means of upward mobility for groups of people sturggeling to escape poverty |
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illegal acts committed in the course of business activites, often by "respectable" people
ex: income tax evasion, stock manipulaiton, fraud, bribery, embezzlement |
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| techniques of neutralization (neutralizes deviance) |
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Definition
1. denying responsibility ( i was drunk, im poor)
2. denying injury ( no one got hurt)
3. blaming victim ( de deserved it) |
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| the most extreme form of legalized social inequality for individuals and groups. |
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| hereditary ranks usually religiously dictated, that tend to be fixed and immobile. |
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| required peasents to work land leased to them by nobels in exchange for military protection and other services. |
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| social ranking based on economic postion in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility |
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1-2%
- old money, exclusive, wealthy |
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10-15%
proffessionals, college grads, homeowners, politically involved, most depicted on t.v |
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30-35%
less affluent, small business owners, college grad, likely to vote |
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40-45%
blue collar laborers
white collar service jobs
1/2 own homes
less likely to vote
suseptible to financial crisis (live paycheck to paycheck) |
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| economic system in which the means of production are held largley in private hands |
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attitude held by a member of a class that does not accuralty reflect their objective position
ex: a worker might say I am being exploited by MY Boss...
class conscious worker would say.... we are all being exploited by the bourgeiosie |
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| group of people with the same level of wealth and income |
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| INTERACTIONIST VIEW OF STRATIFICATION |
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Definition
interested in the importance of social class in shaping a person's lifestyle.
ex: rich people purchase more cars then neccesary, or build houses wiht more rooms then they can occupy |
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| flying to an island for a night to watch the sun set |
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| FUNCTIONALIST VIEW OF STRATIFICATION |
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stratified society is universal.
society must distribute its members among a variety of positions.
social inequality is neccesary so that people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions |
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| CONFLICT VIEW OF STRATIFICATION |
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the dominant class, manipulates the economic and political systems in order to maintain control over the exploited prolitariat
humans are prone to conflict over scarce resources, such as wealth, status, power |
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Definition
| a set of cultural beliefs that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests |
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| ___ believes that stratification facillitates filling of social positions |
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| ___ believes stratification influences peoples lifestyles |
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| __ believes stratification facillitates exploitation |
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| ___ thinks stratificaion is neccesary to some extent |
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| ___ thinks stratification is excessive and growing |
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| respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society |
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the reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation
ex: a hairdresser has the esteem of her clients |
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| a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below |
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wanting something someone else has
- even though your not poor, according to the other person who has more, you are |
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| long time poor who lack skills and training |
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| FUNCTIONALIST VIEW ON POVERTy |
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Definition
1. the presence of poor people means that societies dirty work will be done at a low cost
2. poverty creates jobs for occupations that serve the poor ( case workers, welfare workers) and illeagal jobs ( drug dealers)
3. identification and punishment of the poor as deviants upholds the social normas regarding hard work
4. existence of poor people guarentees the higher status of the more affluent people.
5. poor often absorb the costs of social change |
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| position of the individual is based on achieved status |
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| allows little possibilty of individual social mobility |
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moving from one social position to one of the same rank
ex: airline pilot to police officer |
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movement of individual in one social position to one of diff rank
ex: airline pilot to lawyer
ex: pilot to bank teller |
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| a group set apart by physical differences |
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| group set apart by national origin and cultural customs |
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| suboordinate group of people who have less power and control over their lives then the dominant group does. |
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| 5 characteristics of a minority group |
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Definition
1. experience differential treatment
2. share same physical and cultural differences
3. ascribed
4. strong group solidarity
5. tend to marry within the same group |
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| unrealiable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group |
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| negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority |
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| denial of oppurtunity and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice reasons |
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| invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment b.c of the individuals race, gender, ethnicity. |
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- requiring that only english can be spoken at a pace of work
- preferences shown by law and medical schools in the admission of children of wealthy and influential alumni, nearly all who are white
- restrictive employment-leave policies, coupled with prohibitinos on part-time work, that make it difficult for the heads of single parent familes to obtain and keep jobs
are examples of ____ discrimination |
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Definition
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| FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE ON RACE |
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Definition
- the dominant majority benefits from the subordination of racial minorties
- provides a moral justification for maintaining an unequal society that deprives a minority group of its rights and priviledges
ex: southern whites justified slavery by believing that africans were physically and spiritually subhuman and devoid of souls
- racists beliefs discourage the subordinate minority from attempting to question its lowly status
- racial myths suggest that any major societal change would only bring greater poverty to the minority and lower the majority's standard of living. |
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Definition
1. discriminatory society fails to use the resources of all individuals. limits the search for talent and leadership to the dominant group
2. discrimination aggravates social problems such as poverty, delinquency, and crime and places the financial burden of alleviating those problems on the dominant group
3. society must invest time and money to defend its barriers to the full participation of all members
4. prejudice and discrim. often undercut goodwill and friendly diplomatic relaitons between nations |
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| CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE ON RACE |
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Definition
- vested interests perpetuate racial inequality through economic exploitation
- minorities competeing for jobs with whites |
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| INTERACTIONSIT PERSPECTIVE ON RACE |
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Definition
cooperative interracial contacts can reduce hostility
- contact hypothesis- in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact btwn people of equal status will cause them to become less prejudice |
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| - the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation |
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happens when a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group
ex: through intermarriage
A+B+C----> D |
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process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture.
A+B+C--> A |
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based on mutual respect for one anothers cultures among the various gorups in a society
A+B+C---> A+B+C |
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| whites maintaing their dominance through legalized segregation and terror and violence is an example of ___ theory |
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Definition
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| FUNCTIONALIST VIEW OF GENDER |
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Definition
gender differentiation has contributed to overall social stability
- to function succesfuuly a family requires adults who specialize in particular roles.
- can deprive society of the contributions of many talented people who feel confined by gender stereotyping |
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denotes concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotion affairs of the family
- role of women |
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Definition
- emphasis on tasks,distant goals and a concern for the external relationship between ones family and other social institituoins
- males role |
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| CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE TO GENDER |
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Definition
contend that the relationship between females an dmales has traditionaly been one of unequal power, with men in a dominant position over women.
- started along time ago b.c men were physically stronger then females |
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| FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE TO GENDER |
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Definition
male dominance goes beyond the economic sphere
- it is not possible to change gender roles drastically w.o making dramatic revisions in a cultures social structure. |
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| INTERACTIONIST APPROACH TO GENDER |
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Definition
gender distinctions are reflected in people's everday behaivor
ex: men initiate up to 96% of interuptions in male-female conversations.
- more likely to change the topic of converstation etc. |
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