Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| Naturally occurring stimulus(e.g. Food) |
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| Unconditioned Response(UR): |
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Definition
| Naturally occurring response to US (e.g. salvation) |
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Definition
| Stimulus that does not elicit any response preconditioning (e.g. tone) |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS): |
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Definition
| Formerly neutral stimulu, the CS (tone) now triggers the response ( salivation) |
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Term
| Conditioned response(CR): |
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Definition
| Formerly UR (salivation) the response now occurs with each presentation of the CS(tone), even without the US(food) |
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Term
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Definition
| neutral Stimulus (tone) + US ( food) |
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Definition
| if you stop pairing the US(food) and the CS(tone), the CR (salivation) begins to decline and eventually becomes extinct. |
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Term
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Definition
| After a rest period, an extinguished CR(salivation) spontaneously recovers , but if the CS(tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again |
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Learners often generalize CR to stimuli that are close to CS
Ex. Pavlov conditioned the dog’s salivation(CR) by using a mini vibrator on thigh |
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Definition
| Little Albert, All Behavior is result of conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
Marketing: Reward system , buy this and your life will be better
Choo choo chwain that brocolli |
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Term
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Definition
| two stimuli become associated |
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Definition
| A behavior is strengthened through association with consequence |
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| Thorndike’s law of effect: |
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Definition
| rewarded behavior is really likely to occur again |
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Definition
| increase desirable behavior. Reinforcement can be positive ( adding something) or negative (taking something away). |
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| engage in activity because we expect external reward. |
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Definition
| preschoolers drawing study, those with intrensic motivation drew more then those who expected reward |
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Term
| over justification effect |
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Definition
| I drew because I was going to get the reward, so without the reward, I won’t draw |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendancy to learn through observation seems to be rooted in biology.• Sometimes we learn to do things simply by watching others even when no rewards are present |
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Term
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Definition
Bobo doll
Shows kids teacher beating up bobo doll
Kids who saw teacher beat up bob doll, were much more like ly to beat up bobo doll. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory memory,Short-term Memory,Long term Memory,Retrieval from long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
• momentarily register amazing detail
• lots of tiny dots in the circle
• 1 second |
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Term
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Definition
• A few items are both noticed and encoded
• Many dots in the circle
• 20-30 seconds |
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Definition
• Some items are altered or lost
• A few dots in the circle
• If info is remembered, it willbe remembered indefinately |
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Term
| Retrieval from long-term memory |
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Definition
• Depending on interference, retrieval cues, moods, and motives, somethings get retrieved, some don’t
• Mood, and environment can effect |
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Term
| What determines whether we remember |
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Definition
• 1. Whether we encode info
• 2. How many times we repeat it
• 3. Whether we elaborate the information
• 4. Emotionally reaction
• 5. Extraneous factors that are involved when we recall it |
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Term
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Definition
| • Simons and Levin (1998) studied the extent to which people fail to notice changes in scenes |
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Term
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Definition
• Space
• Time
• Frequency
• Distinctiveness |
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Definition
| • Things we repeat or encounter more times, we are more likely to remember |
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Definition
| • First 4 better recall : |
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Definition
think hard about the information’s meaning
• Craik and lockheart(1972)
Deeper we process something the more like likely we are to remember it later. |
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Term
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Definition
| :shallow, Was the word all caps? |
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Definition
| intermediate, Does it ryme with weight? |
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| strong Is the word a type of furniture?, stringest in recalling words |
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Definition
Experts techniques that encode long term memory
• Make the material meaningful in someway |
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Definition
| “The global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectivel with his environment” – David Weschsler |
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| – use images/story to memorize |
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| – picturing item in a well-known location – walking to each location |
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| creating new word/phrase to memorize |
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| 1st letter of word to create sentence |
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| – grouping list into categories to memorize |
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Definition
| shape of a number helps to remember order |
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Term
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Definition
• Emotional Stimuli & Memory
• Flashbulb Memory |
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Term
| • Emotional Stimuli & Memory |
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Definition
o LaBar & Phelps (1998)
• Showed participants of words containing both emotional (i.e. bitch & whore) and neutral (brick, whale) items
More emotion, better memory |
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Definition
| • Showed participants pictures of neutral (tree) or emotional (caged animals) scenes |
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o A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory
can be schewed. |
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Definition
o The environment cues present at encoding will serve as good cues for retrieval
o Many ex. of this
• Mood
• Physical environment
• Gum chewing
• Inebriated state |
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Definition
| • Scuba divers recall more words underwater it they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land (Godden & Baddeley, 1975) |
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Definition
| , we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent |
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Incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event
o Loftus & Palmer (1974) – simulated car crash experiment
o Makes eyewitness accounts practically unreliable |
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Term
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Definition
| • Many stories of people remembering early traumatic events later in life, often as the result that intends to help them “uncover repressed memories” |
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