What are the symptoms of Botulism?

• Blurred vision
• slurred speech
• difficulty swallowing
• labored breathing
• flaccid paralysis

• vomiting
• abdominal cramps
• nausea
• diarrhea
• *Symptoms only last an hour* Complete recovery in 24 hours

• Diarrhea
• No vomiting

• deep ulcers in small intestines
• bloody stools
• little diarrhea

• fever
• lethargy
• delirium
• abdomen covered with rose colored spots
• can have bowel perforation, or infection of gall bladder

• fever
• nausea
• vomiting (+/-)
• diarrhea
• abdominal cramps

• massive diarrhea
• may lose 1 lt of fluid
• rice water stools
• dehydration: eyes sink into orbits
• skin is wrinkled and dry
• muscular cramps in legs and arms
• blood thickens
• urine production stops
• low blood pressure /// shock /// coma

• ingesting bacteria in contaminated food or water
• contaminated shellfish

Neisseria meningitis

Haemophilus influenzae

• Botulinum toxin prevents the release of Acetylchlorine from nerve endings
• No acetylcholine, no muscle contraction, this is flaccid paralysis

• Large dose of antitoxin
• Place person on respirator to aid breathing
• DO NOT give antibiotics

• Usually none, quick relief without medication

• none
• (maybe re-hydration)
• no antibiotics... they seem to increase tissue damage

• re-hydration
• kidney dialysis
• no antibiotics.. antibiotics make HUS worse

• No vaccine
• Penicillin
• Erythromycin (if allergic to pen)

• anti-toxin
• anti-biotic (penicillin)

• Anti-toxin
• Anti-biotics
• Anti-convulsives

• antibiotics: penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin

• vigorous, early antibiotic treatment
• often resistent to multiple antibiotics

• erythromycin
• tetracycline

• Vaccine for animals
• antibiotic: penicillin

• sedatives
• muscle relaxants
• penicillin
• anti-toxin neutralize toxin

• fever
• bloody diarrhea
• abdominal cramps
• (+/-) vomiting

• infection rapidly spreads through tissue
• intense pain
• swelling
• foul odor of wound
• toxins can cause systemic damage to heart and nervous system
• often fatal

• fever
• sore throat
• (+/-) vomiting
• headache
• malaise
• swollen lymphs and tonsils
• red tongue and pharyngeal tissue (strawberry tongue)

• Doctor does not have time to culture organism in the laboratory
• May see club shaped rods on gram stainn of smear from the throat

• Increasingly severe cough
• labored breathing with partially obsturcted airways
• staccato coughs on exhalation followed by a forced inhalation with a whooping sound
• malaise
• fever
• seizures

• stiff neck
• headache
• listlessness
• drowsiness
• irritability

1. Stain acid-fast rods in sputum
2. Tubercle on X-ray
3. Culture M. tuberculosis
4. Tuberculin test

TB

• poor personal hygeine
• poor nutrition
• crowded living conditions
• alcoholism
• depressed immune system
• age (65 over)

Inject purified protein derivatives (PPD) from M. tuberculosis under the skin.

• Positive - red raised spot at injection site, this immiune response indicates that the person has been exposed to TB
• Negative - no skin change at site of injection

• high fever
• chest pain
• difficulty breathing
• rust-colored sputum...(blood in lungs)

Inhibits removal of acetylchlorine from the neuro-muscular junctions.

**This is the opposite effect of botulinum toxin

• rapid onset (few hours)
• muscle stiffness
• difficulty swallowing
• clenched teeth
• fixed smile
• arching back
• spasmodic inhalation
• suffocation

1. Woolsorter's Disease
2. Gastrointestinal anthrax
3. Anthrax of the skin

What happens in Woolsorter's disease? and whose at risk?

You inhale spores: pulmonary anthrax

• tan hides, shear sheep, process wool

• immunization: DPT
• tetnus toxoid
• formaldehyde - treated toxin

• lecithinase: dissolve cell membranes
• hyaluronidase: tissue damage
• hemolysis lysis: red blood cells

Bubonic plague : rat - flea - man

Pneumonic plague : human - human

• blackish pustule at site of flea bite
• head ache
• wekaness
• aches and chills
• slurred speech
• confusion

• like pneumonia (cough, sneeze)

bubonic = 50% fatality

pneumonica = 100% (ring around the rosie)

• Red skin lesions at site of tick bite
• Several days later - 3" diameter, intense red, hot spot ( this is called erythema chromicum migrans "ECM"
• fever
• headache
• nausea

stiff joints

arthritis

• high fever lasting many days
• skin rash...masulopapular (begins on the palms and soles of the feet and spreads to the trunk)

• tetracycline
• chloramphenicol
• vaccine for those in high-risk groups

• it cannot be seen under the light microscope
• you have to use a dark field microscopy

1. Primary Stage
2. Secondary Syphilis
3. Tertiary Syphilis

A chancre develops: painless lesion

• circular purplish ulcer with raised edges at site of inoculation

3-6 weeks later, the spirochete has spread throughout the body

• fever
• swollen lymph nodes
• skin rash that looks like measles
• may: lose eyebrows
• patchy loss of hair
• jaundice (liver involvement)

About 33% of untreated cases develop this final form of disease 

Gumma: soft granular lesion

Gummas are due to an immunological reaction to the spirochete which has been CLEARED from the body.

1. Observe the spirochete in the primary chancre, scrape the lesion... put onto slide
2. Test for antibodies in teh blood to T. pallidum

Most cases - upper respiratory infection like influenza

few cases - infection spreads to blood stream septimcemia overwhelms body in 2 hrs.

-Death or 

-bacteria localize to meninges

• Where people are close
• school
• military camp
• prisons

• inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis
• kills cells in throat, and white blood cells... creates a pseudomembrane

1. Rheumatic fever
2. Glomerulonephritis

• joint pain
• permanent scarring of the heart valves
• Saint Vitus' dance

• kidney damage /// failure
• Our antibodies to S. pyogenes react with kidney tissue and can cause damage

1. Throat Culture - grow S. pyognes on Blood Agar (Group A beta-hemolytic Strep)
2. Clinical symptoms - 

It is extremely sensitive to stomach acid

You get it by ingesting large numbers of bacteria and a afew will pass the stomach

Ammonia neutralize the stomach acid in the immediate environment of the bacteria.

UREA (urease) -----Carbon Dioxide + Ammonia

• Pasteurize milk and dairy products
• Proper food handling.. especially poultry and eggs
• restrict sale of Easter chicks and small turtles

1. Flies
2. Food
3. Fingers
4. Feces
5. Fomites

• Heat food  before eating it
• toxin is denatured in 10min at 90 deg. C

Foodborne botulism

Wound botulism

Infant botulism

New borns eyes become infected as they move through the birth canal.

Thats why hospitals give 1% sliver nitrate.. or antibiotics into all newborn eyes at birth

• Sulfa compounds
• Dapsone
• Rifampin
• Clofazimine

When S. aureus produces one or more toxins.

• TSST -1
• Enterotoxin [A thru E]

1. Fluoride makes tooth enamel less susceptilble to decay
2. Remove plaque, physically
3. Seal teeth with plastic to prevent acid access
4. Vaccine against S. mutans
5. Replace S. mutans with an engineered acid-neg strain

• Produce (34%)
• Ground Beef (33%)

• Manure management
• Watertrough and feedbunk management
• Feed components
• Probiotics/ Direct fed microbials
• Vaccination

True - on the hair coat

in water troughs

can survive and multiply in cattle feed

can survive and multiply in raw manure