The two most abundant elements on earth

Oxygen and Silicon 

Mineral 

Any naturally occuring inorganic solid chemical compound with a more or less fixed ratio composition. Homogenous and has a regular arrangement of atoms.  

Mineraloid 

Has all of the properties of a minearl except a regular arrangement of atoms.  

Atom 

Smallest particle in nature that still contains all of the characteristics of a mineral.

An atom is composed of: 

Composed of proton, electron and nuetron.

Atomic number: 

The number of protons 

Atomic mass: 

the number of protons and electons 

Isotope 

Atoms with the same atomic number but diffrent mass numbers.  

If electrically nuetral there are:  

An atom has an equal number of protons and electrons 

Electrons are configured around the nucleus in: 

Energy level shells: with # of electrons

2

4 

Bonding is accomplished:  

Involves the transfer electrons from one atom to another or in some cases the sharing of electrons 

The diffrent type of bonds are:  

 Ionic: when one atom transfers an electron to another. 

Covalent: when electrons from diffrent atoms are paired up

Metallic: in metals, atoms are tightly packed that electrons can be shared among several atoms.

Van der Walls: a weak attractions can occur between the electrically nuetral models that have an assymmetrical charge distribution 

Cation 

When an atom losses one or more electrons, leaving a positive charge.  

Anion 

When an atom has gained one or more electrons, leaving a ngative charge.  

Polymorph 

? 

Silica Tetrahedron 

 Four oxygen atoms an a silicate ion 

The diffrent silicate super groups are:  

Single Tetrahedron: olivine

 Heaxagonal Ring: beryl

Single chain: pyroxene group

Double chain:amphibole group

Sheet: mica

Three dimensional lattice: quartz 

Igneous rocks are classified through:  

 The cooling and crystalization of magma:

the rate of cooling: how large the indiv. grains grow

texture of the rock: effected by the grain size

composition: mineral assemblage 

Aphanitic 

in Volcanic rocks 

Fine Grained texture:grains can only be seen through magnification

Extremely small mineral grains that form in solidifying magma.  

Phaneritic 

in Plutonic rocks 

Course grained texture: grains can be seen by the unaided eye.

Large mineral grains typically form in the last stages of crystalization, when gases build up in teh reaining magma.  

Volcanic rocks 

an igneous rock formed from lava 

Plutonic rocks 

an ingeous rock formed undegrounf grom magma 

Mafic chemical composition 

dark colored minerals rich in magnesium and iron 

Sialic chemical composition

light colored igneous rock, rich in silicon and aluminum 

Felsic 

light colored and contain a lrge amount of silica 

Bowen's Reaction Series 

Diffrent igneous rocks:

Rhyolite:

Granite:

Andesite:

Diorite:

Basalt:

Gabbro:

Rhyolite: felsic, high silica content and consists largely of quartz and feldspars

Granite: the plutonic equivalent of rhyolite, larger grain size

Diorite: plutonic equivalent of andesite, an intermediate silica rock

Basalt: a mafic rock, is dominant in ocean crust and the most common igneous rock on earth. 

Gabbro: a plutonic equivalent of basalt, a low silica rock

Viscosity 

the degree to which a substance resists flow; a less viscous liquid is runny and a more viscous liquid is thick 

How viscosity related to magma:

composition

tempreture 

How viscocity realtes to eruption style 

If the magma is runny, the dissolved gas will escape easily- the volcano will not explode, just bubble and fountain.

If the magma is thick, it is harder for gas bubbles to escape, explosive 

Shield volcanoes 

broad, flat volcanoes with very gently sloping sides 

Hawaiian eruptions:  very runy lava

Flood basalts 

when lava rises to the surface through long fissures that produce vast, flat lava plains 

Strombolian eruptions 

more explosive then Hawaiian, creates cinder cones 

Vulcanian eruptions 

 explosive, produce  pyroclastic flows

(tend to build up strato volcanoes) 

Plinian eruptions 

most violent, produce ash columnsand create pyroclastic flows

tend to build up (strato volcanoes) 

Stratovolcano 

a volcano composed of solidified lava flows interlaced with pyroclastic material

tend to erupt explosively 

Pyroclastic flow 

hot volcanic fragments (tephra) that are buoyed by heat and volcanic gases and flow very rapidly.  

Lahar 

Mudflow that is created when volcanic ash mixes in with snow or rain at the summit