Term
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Definition
| a group of related organisms that share a distinctive form in nature and (for sexually reproducing species) are capable of interbreeding |
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Term
| biological species concept |
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Definition
| an approach used to distinguish species, which states that a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species |
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Term
| evolutionary species (lineage) concept |
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Definition
| an approach used to distinguish species; states that a species is derived from a single distinct lineage and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate |
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Term
| ecological species concept |
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Definition
| an approach used to distinguish species; considers a species within its native environment and states that each species occupies its own ecological niche |
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Term
| reproductive isolating mechanism |
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Definition
| mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between different species |
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Term
| prezygotic isolating mechanism |
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Definition
| a mechanism that stops interbreeding by preventing the formation of a zygote |
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Term
| postzygotic isolating mechanism |
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Definition
| a mechanism that prevents interbreeding by blocking the development of a viable and fertile individual after fertilziation has taken place |
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Term
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Definition
| a prezygotic isolating mechanism in which two species occupy different habitats, so they never come in contact with each other to mate |
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Term
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Definition
| species have different mating or flowering seasons or times of day or become sexually mature at different times of the year |
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Term
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Definition
| morphological features such as size, incompatible genitalia, and so on, prevent 2 members of different species from interbreeding; a prezyogtic isolating mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual attraction between males and females of different animal species is limited due to differences in behavior or physiology; a prezygotic isolating mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| a prezygotic isolating mechanism in which gametic transfer takes place, but the gametes fail to unite with each other. This can occur because the male and female gametes fail to attract, because they are unable to fuse, or because the male gamets are inviable in the female reproductive tract of another species. In plants, the pollen of one species usually cannot generate a pollen tube to fertilize the egg cells of another species. |
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Term
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Definition
| a postzyogtic isolating mechanism in which the egg of one species is fertilized by the sperm from another species, but the fertilized egg fails to develop past the early embryonic stages |
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Term
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Definition
| a postzygotic isolating mechanism in which an interspecies hybrid surives, but it is sterile. For example, the mule, which is sterile, is produced from a cross between a male donkey and a female horse |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of new species |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes and structures by which organisms adjust to changes in their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of speciation that occurs when a population becomes geographically isolated from other populations and evolves into one or more new species |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of speciation that occurs when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into two or more different species |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that has three or more sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism having at least one set of chromosomes from two or more different species |
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Term
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Definition
| seen in plants; hybridization between 2 species; hybrid has one set of chromosomes from each parent (diploid); chromosomes double during meiosis (due to nondisjunction) and the gamete therefore has a double set--four copies of each chromosome (instead of two); reproductive barrier (# of chromosomes) with original population; example of speciation, occured as a result of the change in chromosome number |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby a single ancestral species evolves into a wide array of descendant species that differ greatly in their habitat, form, or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept suggesting that spcies evolve continuously over long spans of time |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept that suggests that the tempo of evolution is more sporadic than gradual. species rapidly evolve into new species followed by long periods of equilibrium with little evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
| a field of biology that compares the development of different of different organisms in an attempt to understand ancestral relationships between organisms and the developmental mechanisms that bring about evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
| in animals, a class of genes involved in pattern formation in early embryos |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern |
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Term
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Definition
| the field of biology that is concerned with the theory, practice, and rules of classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| a diagram that describes a phylogeny; such is a hypothesis of the evolutionary relationships among various species, based on the information available to and gathered by systematists |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach used to construct a phylogenetic tree by comparing primitive and shared derived characters |
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Term
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Definition
| an ancestral character; inherited from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| a primitive character; inherited from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| an evolutionary novelty; shared with ingroup only |
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Term
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Definition
| in a cladogram, a species or group of species that does not exhibit one or more shared derived characters found in the ingroup |
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Term
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Definition
| a phylogenetic tree constructed by using a cladistic approach |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of species, a taxon, consisting of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of organisms that contains a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that the preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplest |
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Term
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Definition
| a fundamental similarity that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor |
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Term
| analogy (analogous structure) |
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Definition
| a structure that is theresult of convergent evolution. Such structures have arisen independently, two or more times, because species have occupied similar types of environments on earth |
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Term
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Definition
| a tie line of the Earth's history from its origin about 4.55 million years ago to the present |
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Term
| extinction - mass extinction |
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Definition
| the end of existence of a species or group of species; |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two categories into which all forms of life can be placed. they lack a nucleus and include bacteria and archaea. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the three domains of life; the other two are Bacteria and Eukarya. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the three domains of life; the other two are Archaea and Eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the three major categories of life: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
| several groups of anaerobic archaea that convert CO2, methyl groups, or acetate to methane and release it from their cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that occurs primarily in extreme habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell with a tough coat that is produced in certain bacteria and then released when the enclosing bacterial cell dies and breaks down |
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Term
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Definition
| a site in a bacterial cell where the genetic material (DNA) is located |
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Term
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Definition
| a small circular piece of DNA found naturally in many strains of bacteria and occasionally in eukaryotic cells; can be used as a vector in cloning experiments |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that uses the energy from light to make organic molecules from inorganic sources |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism able to use energy obtained by chemical modifications of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that is able to use light energy to generate ATP but must take in organic compounds from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that must obtain organic molecules for both energy and as a carbon source |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a relationship in which two or more different species live in direct contact with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of living organisms, usually microbes or plants, to detoxify polluted habitats such as dump sites or oil spills |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two categories into which all forms of life can be placed. THe distinguishing feature of this category is cell compartmentalization, including a cell nucleus; includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| a eukaryotic organism that is not a member of the animal, plant, or fungal kingdoms; lives in moist habitats and is typically microscopic in size |
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Term
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Definition
| a term that applies to about 10 phyla of protists that includes both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic species often also includes cyanobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a term commonly used to describe diverse heterotrophic protists |
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Term
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Definition
| heterotrophic protists that often resemble true fungi in having threadlike, filamentous bodies and absorbing nutrients from their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a one-to-few celled structure that often has a thick, protective wall and can remain dormant through periods of unfavorable climate or low food availability |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of cell division in bacteria and archaea in which one cell divides into two cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of asexula reproduction in which a portion of the parent organism pinches off to form a complete new individual |
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Term
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Definition
| An asexual type of reproductive process by protozoans by multiple fission. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| the lienages of freshwater green algae that are most closely related to the land plants |
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Term
| alternation of generations |
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Definition
| the phenomenon that occurs in plants and some protists in which the life cycle alternates between multicellular diploid organisms (sporophytes) and multicellular haploid organisms (gametophytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| the diploid generation of plants or multicellular protists that have a sporic life cycle; this generation produces haploid spores by the process of meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| in plants and multicellular protists, the haploid stage that produces gametes by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a haploid cell that is involved with sexual reproduction, such as a sperm or egg cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a haploid, typically single-celled reproductive structure of fungi and plants that is dispersed into the environment and is able to grow into a new fungal mycelium or plant gametophyte in a suitable habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that produce and disperse the spores of plants, fungi, or protists |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized structures produced by many land plants in which developing gamets are protected by a jacket of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby light energy is captured by plant, algal, or bacterial cells and is used to synthesize organic molecules from CO2 and H2O (or H2S) |
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Term
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Definition
| liverworts, mosses, and hornworts, the modern nonvascular land plants |
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Term
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Definition
| a phylum of vascular plants having euphylls, but not seeds; Pteridophyta |
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Term
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Definition
| plant tissue that provides both structural support and conduction of water, minerals, and organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant that contains vascular tissue. Includes all modern plant species except liverworts, hornworts, and mosses |
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Term
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Definition
| a protective, waterproof layer of polyester and wax present on most surfaces of vascular plant sporophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized conducting tissue in plants water, minerals, and some organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized conductingtissue in a plant's stem |
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Term
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Definition
| a reproductive structure haing specialized tissues that enclose plant embryos; produced by gymnosperms and flowering plants, usually as the result of sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| in seed plants, tiny male gametophytes enclosed by sporopollenin-containing microspore walls |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits |
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Term
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Definition
| a phylum of gymnosperm plants, Cycadophyta. |
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Term
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Definition
| a phylum of gymnosperm plants, Coniferophyta. |
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Term
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Definition
| a flowering plant. the term means enclosed seed, which reflects the presence of seeds within fruits |
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Term
| megaspore (megasporangia) |
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Definition
| in seed plants and some seedless plants, a large spore that produces a female gametophyte within the spore wall |
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Term
| microspore (microsporangia) |
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Definition
| in seed plants and some seedless plants, a relatively small spore that produces a male gametophyte within the spore wall |
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Term
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Definition
| in plants, the lowermost portion of the pistil that encloses and protects the ovules |
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Term
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Definition
| in angiosperms, the process in which two different events occur, producing both a zygote and the first cell of a nutritive endosperm tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which two or more species of organisms influence each other's evolutionary pathway |
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