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| a cursive script developed in the Classical Era by the Kushites in Nubia that can be read only partly today |
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| a branch of Christianity that had become influential in Egypt and became dominant in Nubia between the fourth and sixth centruies |
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| a literate, urban state that appeared in norther Ethopia before the Common Era and grew into an empire and a crossroads for trade |
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| the classical Amharic written language of Ethiopia, a mixture of African and Semitic influences |
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| the first known major Sudanic state, formed by the Soninke people of the middle Niger valley around 500CE |
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| diverse Sudanic peoples who spoke closely related languages, shared many customs, and dominated the western Niger River Basin and adjacent areas of west africa |
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| a respected class of oral historians and musicians in West Africa who memorized and recited the history of the group, emphasizing the deeds of leaders |
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| ironworking pastoralists from the eastern sudan who settled in East Africa in the Classical Era and there had frequent interactions with the Bantus |
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| the most long-lasting and widespread of the mesoamerican societies, who occupied the Yucatan Peninsula and Northern Central America for almost 2000 years |
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| "city of gods" the largest city in the Americas and the capital of an empire in central Mexico during Classical times |
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| a prosperous, powerful state that formed along the northern Peruvian coast from 200BCE - 700CE |
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| in Aboriginal Australian mythology, the pistant past when the spiritual ancestors gave order and form to the universe at the world's creation |
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