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| A similarity between organisms due to convergent evolution; not due to a common ancestor. |
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| Derived characteristics that developed in a clade (hair); analogous. |
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| Shared derived characteristics (at least two clades) with the evolutionary novelty specific to a clade (amniotic egg); analogous. |
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| Ancestral traits, shared primitive characteristics; found in multiple clades (vertebral column). |
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| 4 or more clades; many intermediate characteristics between prokaryotes and eukaryotes; different structure than bacteria; some unique characteristics; inhabit extreme (halo- salt and methano- methane philes) environments; very small and plentiful in soil and aquatic environments. |
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| 9 clades; Bacteria include purple sulfur and green sulfur; Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a, perform some nitrogen fixation, and share metabolic pathways with plants and algae; Chemosynthetic bacteria are autotrophs that do not rely on solar energy. |
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| Capitalize Genus, lowercase species |
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| Laid the foundations for binomial nomenclature; based largely on plant structure and sexual organization. |
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| A group of species that includes an ancetral species and all its descendents. |
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| The study of clades, taxa, and the evolutionary traits that can be derived from them. |
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| At first there were two kingdoms: plants and animals; then came five kingdoms of Monera (prokaryotes), Protista (unicellular organisms), Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia: however, some prokaryotes differed from each other more than animals; this led to the widely-accepted three-domain system of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, with protists put in each one. There are also six kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Bacteria. |
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| Contains cells that have membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, etc. |
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| A similarity between organisms due to a common ancestor; the opposite of analogy. |
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| The transfer of prokaryotic DNA between species; mostly limited to and between Archaea and Bacteria. These lead to Eukaryotes and endosymbiosis. |
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| Uses statistical data to determine which are the most likely to evolve and in which order. Takes development of novelties into consideration. |
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| Maximum parsimony (Occam's Razor) |
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| Non-statistical method that uses the simplest explanation that is consistent with data and requires the least amount of evolutionary events to create a clade. |
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| An ancestral species and all of its descendants within a clade. |
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| When creating a clade, create an outgroup that differs in traits from the group being examined. |
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| Includes a common ancestor but not the entire array of descendents from it. |
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| Includes a group as well as the outgroup; any common ancestor is not included. |
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| A study of pictorial reconstructions of evolutionary history. Based on known data and which are likely to be most closely related. Uses paleontology, embryonic development, anatomy, gene sequencing. |
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| A branch of biology that deals with discovering how species are related to each other. |
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| A branch of biology dealing with the naming and classification of organisms. |
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| A tree with equal root-to-tip paths for all lineages; trees can reflect an amount of change or an amount of time passing. |
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| Domain Kingdom Phylum/Division Class Order Family Genera species (Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand?) |
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