Term
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Definition
| -inflammation of the pericardium => dec distensibility of heart |
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Term
| What happens in the body due to pericarditis? |
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Definition
-inc ventricular end-diastolic P = dec cardiac filling
-dec venous flow & venous return to the hear = dec myocardial perfusion during diastole
-dec contractility of ventricles = dec SV
-dec CP |
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Term
| What compensatory mechanisms do we see with FA pericarditis? |
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Definition
| -vasoconstriction, inc HR, inc Na+ retention |
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Term
| What are the three main causes of septic carditis? |
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Definition
-trauma
-extension of infection
-hematogenous spread (bacteremia/septicemia) |
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Term
| What are the two types of trauma that cause septic pericarditis? |
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Definition
-ingested FB: migration from the reticulum
-external wounds |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of septic pericarditis? |
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Definition
-tachycardia
-heart sounds: washing machine or ballons touching sound
-congested MM, delayed CRT
-right-sided CHF |
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Term
| What is the significance of radiating heart sounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you tell if pericarditis is septic or aseptic? |
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Definition
| -washing machine or balloon rubbing sound |
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Term
| What diagnostics do we run on septic pericarditis? |
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Definition
-CBC/serum chem: inc WBC, globulin, fibrinogen, mild anemia, inc liver enzymes
-rad: rule out metallic foreign body
-ECG: dec amplitude QRS complexes
-pericardiocentesis |
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Term
| What do we see on pericardiocentesis for dx of septic pericarditis? |
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Definition
-gross appearance: yellow to red > greenish to gray & turbid, foamy, foul smelling
-Fluid analysis: inc cell count, inc total protein, cytology: inc neutrophils + bacteria
-bacterial culture: aerobic and anaerobic |
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Term
| How do we treat septic pericarditis? |
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Definition
-Abx: broad spectrum, long term
-NSAIDs
-pericardial drainage & labage: chest trocar, left 5th rib resention |
|
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Term
| What is the major long-term complication that occurs with septic pericarditis? |
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Definition
| -constrictive pericarditis: if the fibrin organizes into fibrous CT |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of septic pericarditis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do we prevent septic pericarditis? |
|
Definition
-client communication!!!
-pick up nails/wires/scres around the farm
-magnet: one per animal
-control BRD (including vx) |
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Term
| Is idiopathic hemorrhagic pericarditis common in cattle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of idiopathic hemorrhagic pericarditis (aseptic)? |
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Definition
-tachycardia
-muffled heart sounds
-right-sided CHF
-/+ fever |
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Term
| What diagnostics do we run, that are useful, for idiopathic hemorrhagic pericarditis? |
|
Definition
-echocardiography
-pericardiocentesis |
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Term
| What do we see on pericardiocentesis w/ idiopathic hemorrhgaic pericarditis? |
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Definition
-gross appearance: serosanguinous fluid, no clot formation
-fluid analysis: variable cell count & TP, cytology: RBC & lymph ? non-degen neutrophils |
|
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Term
| How do we treat idiopathic hemorrhagic pericaditis? |
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Definition
-drain pericardial fluid (chest tube) once
-corticosteroids: anti-inflamm dose
-antibiotics (3-5d): to prevent infection assoc w/ draining site |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of idiopathic hemorrhagic pericarditis? |
|
Definition
| -fair to good w/ treatment |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of cattle cardiac lymphocarcoma? What causes it? |
|
Definition
-enzootic lymphosarcoma
-bovine leukemia virus (retrovirus) |
|
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Term
| What is the most common tumor location of BLV infected cattle? |
|
Definition
-LN: 90%
-others: abomasum (75%), heart RA (50%), urogenital (30%), spinal cord (15%), retrobulbar (10%) |
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Term
| What is the process behind the effusive form of enzootic lymphosarcoma (BLV)? |
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Definition
| -neoplastic pericardial effusion |
|
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of the effuzive form of enzootic lymphosarcoma (BLV)? |
|
Definition
-tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, +/- arrhythmias
-CHF |
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Term
| What is the process behind the non-effusive form of enzootic lymphosarcoma (BLV)? |
|
Definition
| -myocardial infiltration (R heart) |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of the non-effusive form of enzootic lymphosarcoma (BLV)? |
|
Definition
-tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac murmur
-CHF |
|
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Term
| What is the primary form of sporadic lymphosarcoma not assoc w/ BLV? Is it common? |
|
Definition
-thymic lymphosarcoma
-uncommon |
|
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Term
| Which cattle are most often affected by thymic lymphosarcoma? Where in the body does it occur? |
|
Definition
-young cattle < 30m (avg: 6-18m
-thymus & regional LN |
|
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Term
| What physiological process causes the clinical signs of thymic lymphosarcoma? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the clinical signs seen with thymic lymphosarcoma? |
|
Definition
-dysphagia or bloat
-CHF
-invariably fatal |
|
|
Term
| What diganostics do we run on cardiac lymphosarcoma? |
|
Definition
-CBC/serum chem: persistent lymphocytosis
-BLV serology (AGID/RID)
-echo
-pericardiocentesis: serosanguinous fluid, inc neoplastic lymphocytes |
|
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Term
| How do we treat cardiac lymphosarcoma in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of cardiac lymphosarcoma? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| HOw do we prevent/control BLV? |
|
Definition
-prevent neonatal infections: clean, pasteurize colostrum/waste milk
-minimize blood transfer
-control insects
-in utero transmission: precolostral serology, test after 6m
-isolate/test herd additions: isolate & retest in 4-6m |
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Term
| What are the causes of cattle vascular dz? |
|
Definition
-phlebitis/periphlebitis: thrombophlebitis
-arteritis: thromboarteritis
-vasculitis |
|
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Term
| What are some predisposing factors for phlebitis, periphlebitis, thrombophlebitis? |
|
Definition
-trauma to v during venipuncture/injection
-repeated IV or perivenous infections
-FB: IV catheter
-Hypercoagulable state: endotoxemia, septicemia
-chronic perivenous infection |
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Term
| What are the local clinical signs of phlebitis, periphlebitis, and thrombophlebitis? |
|
Definition
| -heat, redness, pain, thickening, edema |
|
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Term
| What are the systemic clinical signs of phlebitis, periphebitis, and thrombophlebitis? |
|
Definition
-fever, tachycardia
-other signs assoc w/ primary dz |
|
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Term
| What diagnostics do we run on phlebitis, periphlebitis, thrombophlebitis? |
|
Definition
-U/S: look for wall thickening, perivenous inflammation, intraluminal thrombus
-/+ bacterial culture |
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Term
| How do we treat phlebitis, periphlebitis, thrombophlebitis? |
|
Definition
-stop trauma to the vein
-NSAID
-antibiotics: broad spectrum
-hydrotherapy/warm compresses
-/+ elevate feed |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of phlebitis, periphlebitis, thrombophlebitis? |
|
Definition
| -good w/ progressive recanalization |
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