Biological systems regulate via mostly _____ feedback

mostly everything that goes on in enzyme is______

negative

negative feed back.    feed back loops

7 properties of life

1)order

2)regulation

3)energy processing

4)growth and development

5)reproduction

6)response to enviro

7)evolutionary adaptation

cell theory

everything is made up of cells

Schleiden & Schwann

domains: bacteria, archaea, eukarya

domain is 1st classification of life

Is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oyxgen atom.

Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugares

A ketone and an aldehyde may be strucutral isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanal.

These 2 groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to 2 major groups of sugars: aldoses (containing an aldehyde) and ketoses (containing a ketone).

Has acidic properties (is a source of hydrogen ions) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

Found in cells in the ionzied form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion (here, specifically, the acetate ion)

Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisims).

Ionized, with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions.

2 sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structure

important energy source for metabolism (C,O,H)

saccharides

increase the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

single bonds to maximize # of H atoms

1) has AT CG

2) has AU CG

1) DNA

2)RNA

the difference

The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template. 

In nucleus

The synthesis of a polypetide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule.  There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids.

in ctyoplasm

a 5 primed end with a phosphate group attached to the 5 prime Carbon

a 3 primed end has an OH group attached

not flippable

the 2 polynucleotides spiral around an imaginary axis

thought up by

double helix

Watson and Crick

A-T

G-C

1st cells on earth

has no membranes for DNA

DNA floats around

type of cells we are made up of

DNA in a membrane (the nucleus)

1. has cell wall
2. has central vacuole
3. chloropast
4. plasmodesmata
5. rectangular shape

serves as/to

1) storage hydrolysis of macromolecules

2)breakdown waste

3) if hositle environment, takes in toxins

control center, contains the majority of genes

soup of DNA

consists of many different membranes functioning together

1. nuc. envelope
2. ER
3. golgi apparteus
4. lysosomes

has ribosomes on the surface.

synthesizes insulin on beta cells of the pancreas

no ribosomes.

stores Ca⁺²

involved in sythesis of lipids (adrenals and gonads?)

metabolism of carbohydrates

detox (liver)

receiving side of golgi appartus

can bind with the ER

  ships out side of golgi appartus

ships by giving rise to vesicles that pinch off

lysosomes lack functioning enzymes which results in the build up of material

ie: Tay-Sachs disease

lysosomal storage disease

*can reproduce in cells without cell reproduction

contains enzymes, ribosomes, mtRNA (mitochondrial DNA)

is within the inner membrane

• stroma
• intermembrane space
• thylakoid space

produces H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) by transferring H to water fromother substances

can also break down H₂O₂

proteins with sugars attached to them

have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them and are wrapped in transport vesicles

most secretory proteins are this  type

1) tight junctions

2)desmosome

3)gap junctions

forms a seal around the cell

prevents breakage

a property of biological membreanes that allows them to regulate teh passage of subtsances

 non-polar molecules are hydrophobic so they cross membranes easily (O₂, CO₂)

type of transport where

no ATP's used

no energy used

ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

(depends on concentration of solute that can't pass through the membrane)

more solutes in the surrounding environment than on the inside

cell loses water

more solutes within the cell

causes the cell to take up water

faulty ion channels

for cystic fibrosis its chlroide channels that are faulty

voltage across the membrane due to differences in [Na⁺] [K⁺] (electro chemical gradient) between the inside and outside of the cell.

(3 Na⁺ are pumped out every 2 K⁺ pumped in)

a pump that pushes Hydrogen ions out

(plants)

once this is known it can be used to predict whether the process will be spontaneous (going to occur)

(used to determine if something will occur without additional energy)

1) chemical: building molecules

2)transport

3)mechanical (beating of flagella & cilia; movement of chromosomes during mitosis)

energy released by catabolism used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

(hence ATP is a renewable resource)

energy required for starting a reaction

(often supplied as heat that reactants absorb from surroundings)

non protein helper

(Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg, and many others)

an organic molecule that helps the enzyme

(vitamins)

controls enzymes action rate

the function of one active site is affected by regulatory molecule binding to another site and causing the enzyme to change shape.