Term
| What is the #1 cause of valvular diseases in FA spp? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the location of predilection of bacterial endocarditis in FA spp? |
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Definition
| -valve >>> mral endocardium |
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Term
| What is the preferential lesion location of valvular dz in bovines? |
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Definition
| -tricuspid >>> mitral > pulonic, aortic valve |
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Term
| IN general, describe the mechanism of bacterial endocarditis? |
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Definition
-direct adhesion to undamaged endothelium
-adhesion through irregularities of valvular surface |
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Term
| Which bacteria is most commonly isolated in adult bovine bacterial endocarditis? What are some others found in adults? |
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Definition
-Truperella pyogenes
-Others: step spp, Staph aureus, Helococcus ovis |
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Term
| Which bacteria is most commonly isolated in young bovine bacterial endocarditis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the pathophysiology behind bacterial endocarditis. |
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Definition
-local bacterial proliferation/multiplication
-activation of coagulation & inflammatory cascades
-valvular thrombus formation (vegetative-like: made of fibrin, blood cells, necrotic tissue, bacteria => fibrosis w/ distortion, thickening, shortening, septic emboli released in circulation, intermittent bacteremia/distant colonization/ infection |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for developing bacterial endocarditis? |
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Definition
-chronic active foci of infection => sustained or recurrent bacteremia (foot abscess, rumenitis, peri-reticular abscess, chronic mastitis, metritis)
-septicemia (calves)
-phlebitis/thrombophlebitis, repeated IV injections or IV catheters |
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Term
| What is the typical history behind bacterial endocarditis? |
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Definition
-vague/non-cardiac specific signs for several weeks: gradual weight loss, dec milk pdn (dairy)
-if obtained, intermittent/undulating fevers |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis? |
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Definition
-poor body condition score
-tachycardia, cardiac murmur (aprox 60% of cases)
-UNDULATING FEVER, pale mucous membranes
-CHF (approx 35%) +/- arrhythmias
-foci of chronic infection; POLYARTHRITIS(adult) |
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Term
| What is the gold standard for diagnosis bacteial endocarditis in FA? What are some other diagnostics used? |
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Definition
-Echocardiography
-CBC + serum chem: inc fibrinogen & globulins, dec albumin, non-regn anemia
-also blood culture |
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Term
| How do we treat bacterial endocarditis? |
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Definition
-long-term antibiotics: >4-6w based on blood culture results (gram-pos in adult cattle)
-aspirin/low dose heparin: prevent platelet adhesion that would cause inc size of valvular mass
-if CHF present: furosemide |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of bovine bacterial endocarditis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we see on necropsy with bovine bacterial endocarditis? |
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Definition
-nodular thickening of affected valves
-assoc chambers enlargement/dilation |
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Term
| What do we see on necropsy with bovine CHF? |
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Definition
-SC edema
-inc pericardial/pleural/peritoneal fluid
-mottled/congested liver |
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Term
| What measures can we take to prevent bacterial endocarditis? |
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Definition
-prompt diagnosis of bacterial infection: appropriate therapy (antibiotics)
-careful attention to asepsis w/ Iv meds, IV catheter placement |
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Term
| What are the other names for Cor PUlmonale? |
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Definition
-Brisket dz
-high altitude dz
-hgh mountain dz
-bovine pulmonary hypertension |
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Term
| What does the phrase "Cor Pulmonale" refer to? |
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Definition
| -refer to effect of lung dysfunction on heart: secondary form of heart dz |
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Term
| Which FA are most affected by cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
-cattle >>>> other animal spp
-calves, yearling, late-pregnant >> adult |
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Term
| Describe the pathophysiology of cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
-hypoxia
-vasoconstriction of pulmonary aa: inc pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary hypertension (becomes chronic)
-P overload on right heart
-right-sided CHF |
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Term
| What causes high mountain dz? |
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Definition
| -hypobaric hypoxia due to high altitude: elevation > 6000 ft |
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Term
| What causes bovine pulmonary hypertension? |
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Definition
| -obstructive (often chronic) pulmonary dz: BRD, lungworm infection |
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Term
| What are the risk factors that lead to cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
-genetic pedisposition: some cattle are resistant, some are susceptible
-at high altitudes, dz may worsen with prolonged cold, ingestion of locoweed or ionophores, hypoventilation due to fat |
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Term
| What is the typical history of cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
-recent pneumonia episode
-recent movement/transportation to hgh altitude
-brisket swelling |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
-tachycardia
-jugular pulsation & distention
-peripheral edema: brisket > submandibular > distal limbs
-/+ cardiac murmur (tricuspid insufficiency)
-tachypnea
-dyspnea
-/+ abnormal lung sounds |
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Term
| What is the key diagnostic for cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
| -pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) measurement |
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Term
| What diagnostics do we run for cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
-Echo
-pulmonary arterial pressure: catheter in jugular v
-rads: young > adult
-fecal sedimentation |
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Term
| What do we see on echo with cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
-dilation/hypertrophy right venricle
-dilation pulmonary a (inc flow)
-tricuspid valve egurge (using Doppler) |
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Term
| How do we treat cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
-remove from high altitudes: potential reversible
-treat primary lung dz
-oxygen therapy
-diuretics & digoxin for CHF |
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Term
| What is the prognosis for bovine cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
| -usually poor once CHF is present (despite therapy) |
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Term
| WHat prevention and control mehods are there for cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
-selec breeding stock with low or normal PAP
-remove susceptible animals from high altitudes
-promote herd health practices: avoid crowding/poor ventilation, vaccination program to dec incidence of BRD
-prevent locoweed ingestion |
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Term
| What are the causes of myocarditis in FA spp? |
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Definition
-viral: BVDV, FMD
-bacterial: H. somni, Mycoplasma spp >> Cl. chauvoei
-parasitic: toxo, cyticercosis, sarcocystis |
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Term
| What are the causes of cardiomyopathy in FA species? |
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Definition
-toxic: ionophore or gossypol toxicity
-nutritional: vit E and selenium > copper deficiency
-neoplastic: enzootic lymphosarcoma
-inherited dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) |
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Term
| Describe the pathophysiology behind ionophore toxicosis. |
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Definition
| -coccidiostat, inc feed efficiency, dec rumen acidosis, dec bloat, dec tryptophan-induced Bo pulmonary emphysema |
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Term
| When do ionophore toxicities occur in attle? |
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Definition
-miscalculations or mixin gerrors
-feeding poultry litter |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of ionophore toxicosis in cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major differential for ionophore toxicosis in cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which FA spp are affected by gossypol toxicosis? |
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Definition
-cattle, sheep, swine, poultry
-rums: more resistant than monogastrics
-young: moe susceptible than adult |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of FA gossypol toxicosis? |
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Definition
| -diarrhea, weakness, CHF, sudden deaths |
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Term
| What are the other names for vitamin E & selenium deficiency? |
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Definition
-nutritional myodeggeneration
-white muscle dz |
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Term
| Which cattle are more affected by vitamin E & selenium deficiency? |
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Definition
| -young/rapidly growing > adults |
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Term
| What are the two syndromes of vitamin E & selenium deficiency? |
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Definition
-Skeletal form: stiffness, weakness, difficulty in ambulation
-cardiac form: acute myocardial decompensation => sudden death |
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Term
| Which bovine breeds are affected by inherited dilated cardiomyopathy? |
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Definition
-Red Holstein
-curly hair coat in polled Hereford |
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Term
| What clinical syndromes is bovine inherited dilated cardiomyopathy associated with? |
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Definition
-ventricular dilation
-inc ventricular mass
0dec systolic function |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of myocarditis/DCM? |
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Definition
-/+ fever
-cardiac arrhythmias or murmurs
-tachycardia
-HF=> CHF
-sudden death |
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Term
| What kind of bacteria is H. somni? |
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Definition
-gram-neg
-adheres to endothelium, causes vasculitis |
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Term
| What do we find on necropsy with myocarditis due to H. somni? |
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Definition
-hemorrhages in myocardium w/ fibrin exudate on surface
-abscesses in ventricular walls/the papillary mm
-/+ fibrinous pleuritis |
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Term
| What do we see on necropsy of gossypol toxicity? |
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Definition
-myocardial necrosis
-proteinaceous fluid in thoracic/abdominal cavities
0liver ocngestion |
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Term
| What do we see on necropsy of nutritional mhyodegeneration? |
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Definition
| -necrosis/degen: pale streaks in myocardium, diaphragm, intercostal mm |
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Term
| How do we prevent myocardial dz in FA spp? |
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Definition
-infection myocarditis: good vx for BRD
-toxic: proper mixing of ionophores in feed, limit/stop cottonseed for gossypol
-nutritional: supplement vit E, Se, Cu
0inherited: avoid breeding |
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