Term
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Definition
| Includes (used to perform) a complete health history and a full physical examination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for a limited or short-term problem. It is smaller in scope and more targeted than the complete database. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaluates the status of any identified problem at regular intervals to follow up on short-term or chronic health problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic approach to practice that uses the best evidence, the clinician’s experience, and the patient’s preferences and values to make decisions about care and treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
• Complete
• Focused
• Follow-up
• Emergency |
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Term
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Definition
| Calls for rapid collection of data, which commonly occurs while performing lifesaving measures. |
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Term
| Biomedical model of Western medicine |
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Definition
| Views health as the absence of disease. It focuses on collecting data on biophysical signs and symptoms and on curing disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assesses the whole person because it views the mind, body, and spirit as interdependent and functioning as a whole within the environment. Health depends on all these factors working together. |
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Term
| The concept of health has expanded and is based on the practice model used: |
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Definition
• The biomedical model of Western medicine
• The holistic health model |
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Term
| The concept of health also includes: |
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Definition
• Health promotion
• Disease prevention |
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Term
| Health assessment also should consider: |
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Definition
•The usual and expected developmental tasks for each age group
•The cultural beliefs and practices of different people. Obtaining a heritage assessment helps gather data that are accurate and meaningful and can guide culturally sensitive and appropriate care. |
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Term
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Definition
| The collection of subjective and objective data about a patient’s health |
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Term
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Definition
| Consist of information provided by the affected individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Include information obtained by the health care provider through physical assessment, the patient’s record, and laboratory studies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The totality of information available about the patient. The purpose of assessment is to make a judgment or diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of analyzing health data and drawing conclusions to identify diagnoses. This process has four major components:
• Attending to initially available cues, which are pieces of information, signs, symptoms, or laboratory data;
• Formulating diagnostic hypotheses, which are tentative explanations for a cue or a set of cues and can serve as a basis for further investigation;
• Gathering data relative to the tentative hypotheses;
• And evaluating each hypothesis with the new data collected, which leads to a final diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
• Includes six phases: assessment, diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation. • It is a dynamic, interactive process in which practitioners move back and forth within the steps.
• Nurses apply the process differently depending on their level of time and experience. |
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Term
| The four major components of diagnostic reasoning: |
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Definition
• Attending to initially available cues, which are pieces of information, signs, symptoms, or laboratory data;
• Formulating diagnostic hypotheses, which are tentative explanations for a cue or a set of cues and can serve as a basis for further investigation;
• Gathering data relative to the tentative hypotheses;
• And evaluating each hypothesis with the new data collected, which leads to a final diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| This nurse understands a patient situation as a whole rather than as a list of tasks, attends to an assessment data pattern, and acts without consciously labeling it. |
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Term
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Definition
| This nurse has no experience with specific patient populations and uses rules to guide performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| • The multidimensional thinking process needed for sound diagnostic reasoning and clinical judgment. Seventeen critical thinking skills have been identified, including setting priorities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Problems are emergent, life-threatening, and immediate, such as establishing an airway or supporting breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Problems are next in urgency. They require prompt intervention to prevent deterioration, and may include a mental status change or acute pain. |
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Term
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Definition
Problems are important to the patient’s health, but can be addressed after more urgent problems.
Examples include lack of knowledge or family coping. |
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Term
In the United States, about one in eight people are immigrants. One in every three residents belongs to a group other than single-race, non-Hispanic White.
- What is the largest population of this emerging majority?
- Second largest population?
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Definition
- Hispanics are the largest population.
- The second largest population is Asians
- Followed by Blacks, American Indians, Alaska natives, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific islanders.
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Term
The National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health Care state:
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Definition
- That health care organizations should ensure that patients receive effective, understandable, and respectful care in a manner compatible with their cultural health beliefs and practices and their preferred language.
- When people with limited English proficiency seek health care, services cannot be denied to them.
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Term
What are the most common non-English languages spoken at home? |
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Definition
- Spanish
- Chinese
- French
- German
- Tagalog
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Term
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Definition
Professional health care that is culturally sensitive, appropriate, and competent. |
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Term
To develop cultural care, you must have knowledge of: |
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Definition
- Your personal heritage
- Heritage of the nursing profession
- The health care system
- The patient
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Term
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Definition
| • The degree to which a person’s lifestyle reflects his or her traditional heritage. • A person can possess values that are consistent with the norms of the traditional culture or that are modern (or acculturated to the norms of the dominant society). |
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Term
| What does heritage consistency include? |
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Definition
| • Determination of a person’s cultural, ethnic, and religious background and socialization experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
Culture has four characteristics:
• It is learned from birth through language acquisition and socialization. • • It is shared by all members of the same cultural group
• It is adapted to specific conditions related to environmental and technical factors
• It is dynamic and ever changing |
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Term
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Definition
Pertains to membership in a social group that claims to possess a common geographic origin, migratory status, religion, race, language, shared values, traditions or symbols, and food preferences.
One’s cultural background is a fundamental component of one’s ethnic background. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief in a divine or superhuman power or powers to be obeyed and worshiped as the creator or ruler of the universe. Spirituality is borne out of each person’s unique life experience and his or her personal effort to find purpose and meaning in life. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of being raised within a culture and acquiring the characteristics of the group.
Education is a form of socialization. |
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Term
| Before you can understand the role that beliefs and values play in a person’s life, you must: |
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Definition
Understand culturally dominant values and personal values.
Cultural conflicts between nurses and patients from diverse backgrounds are related to different time and relationship perceptions.
For example, in some cultures, the past may influence health practices.
When making decisions about health, patients may rely on relationships with others, and their behavior may depend on the opinion of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The meaning is determined, in part, by the way members of a person’s culture define them. The perceived causes of illness and symptoms can be culturally based and may be viewed as biomedical (or scientific), naturalistic (or holistic), or magicoreligious. |
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Term
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Definition
Influence the person’s:
• Explanation of the cause of illness,
• Perception of its severity
• Choice of healers |
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Term
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Definition
| May be used to find meaning and purpose for illnesses |
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Term
| According to the biomedical model, a narrow definition of health is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Medical diagnosis is used to evaluate |
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Definition
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Term
An example of objective data is:
A) Complaints of L knee pain
B) Crepitation in L knee joint
C) L knee has been swollen and hot for the past 3 days
D) Report of impaired mobility from L knee pain as evidence by inability to walk, swelling, and pain on passive range of motion |
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Definition
B) Crepitation in L knee joint
Objective data is what health professionals observe by inspecting, percussing, palpating, auscultating during physical exam. Crepitation is assessed by palpating. |
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Term
| A nursing diagnosis is best described as: |
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Definition
| Concise statement of actual or potential health concerns or level of wellness. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
A patient is admitted to the hospital with asthma and has the following problems, which is the first-level priority?
A) Ineffective self-health management
B) Risk for infection
C) Impaired gas exchange
D) Readiness for enhanced spiritual well-being |
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Definition
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Term
What can be determined when the nurse clusters data as part of the critical-thinking process?
A) Identifies problems that may be urgent and require immediate action by the nurse
B) Step of the process involves recognizing inconsistencies in data
C) Nurse recognizes patterns and relationships among data
D) Risk factors can be determined so the nurse knows how to offer health teaching |
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Definition
| C) Nurse recognizes patterns and relationships among the data |
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Term
Cultural diversity is currently considered when discussing health assessment and care. From a nursing perspective, the most accurate description of this phenomenon is:
A) Nursing is inherently a transcultural phenomenon, the process of helping people involves at least two people having different cultural orientations
B) A consideration when the nurse is caring for someone identified as a minority among local population
C) Consideration of the needs of the population of the United States that doesn't have enough European ancestry
D) Area that has always been of consideration to nursing and is included in most nursing curricula |
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Definition
| A) Nursing is inherently a transcultural phenomenon. The process of helping people involves at least two people having different cultural orientations. |
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Term
| Cultural and Linguistic Competence |
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Definition
| Set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system among professionals that enables work in cross-cultural situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Professional health care that is culturally sensitive, appropriate, and competent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nonphysical attributes of a person - the thoughts, communications, actions, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition that is culturally defined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lay healer in the person's culture apart from the biomedical/scientific health care system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to view your own way of life as the most desirable, acceptable, or best and to act superior to another culture's lifeways. |
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Term
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Definition
| A desirable/undesirable state of affairs and a universal feature of all cultures. |
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Term
| Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
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Definition
| A federal law that mandates that when people with limited English proficiency (LEP) seek healthcare in healthcare setting services can not be denied to them. |
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Term
| Three examples of health practices that may be promoted by a given patients religious beliefs: |
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Definition
Religious affliction and membership benefits by promoting health.
Regular religious fellowship benefits health.
Faith benefits health by leading to thoughts of hope, optimism, and positive expectations. |
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Term
| Three factors related to socialization: |
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Definition
Acculturation
Assimilation
Biculturalism |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of adapting to and acquiring another culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a person develops a new cultural identity and becomes like the members of the dominant culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dual pattern of identification and often of divided loyalty. |
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Term
| Three major theories on the way in which people view the causes of illness: |
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Definition
Hot/cold theory
Yin/Yang theory
Naturalistic/holistic perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in positive outcomes and satisfaction to the patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes into consideration the values, preferences, and expressed needs of the patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| All persons who were granted lawful permanent residence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conferring, by any means, of citizenship upon a person after birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alien who seeks temporary entry to the US for a specific purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alien, appearing to be inadmissible to the inspecting officer, is allowed into the US for urgent humanitarian reasons of when that alien's entry is determined to be for a significant public benefit. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alien admitted to the US as a lawful permanent resident |
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Term
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Definition
| Any person who's outside his country/nationality who is unable/unwilling to return to that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution. |
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Term
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Definition
Based on ancient Greek humoral theory: 4 humors of body (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) regulate basic bodily functions and described in terms of temperature, dryness, and moisture.
Treatment of disease consists of adding or subtracting cold, heat, wetness, or dryness to restore balance of humors. |
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Term
| Naturalist/holistic perspective |
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Definition
| Found most frequently among American Indians, Asians, and other who believe that human life is only one aspect of nature and a part of the general order of the cosmos. |
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Term
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Definition
R- Realize you must know and understand your heritage and that of your patient.
E- Examine the patient within context of his cultural health and illness practices.
S- Select questions that aren't complex, and don't ask questions rapidly.
P- Pace questions throughout physical exam.
E- Encourage the patient to discuss meanings of health and illness with you.
C- Check patients understanding and acceptance of recommendations and build on cultural health practices.
T- Touch the patient within cultural boundaries of his heritage, manners are a vital component of the nurse-patient relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| Health is believed to exist when all aspects of person are in perfect balance. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Folk Healers:
Bone setters |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Folk Healers:
Espiritualista |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Using a patient's family member, friend, or child as interpreter for a limited English proficiency (LEP) patient |
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Term
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Definition
| Imagining that inanimate objects (e.g.- a blood pressure cuff) come alive and have human characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of euphemisms to avoid reality or to hide feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Examiner's response used when the patient's word choice is ambiguous or confusing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Questions that ask for specific information; elicit a short, one- or two-word answer, a "yes" or "no", or a forced choice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Response in which examiner gives honest feedback about what he or she has seen or felt after observing a certain patient action, feeling, or statement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of impersonal speech to put space between the self and a threat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infantilizing and demeaning language used by a health professional when speaking to an older adult. |
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Term
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Definition
| Viewing the world from the other person's inner frame or reference while remaining yourself; recognizing and accepting the other person's feelings without criticism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Examiner's statements that inform the patient; examiner shares factual and objective information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Examiner's response that encourages the patient to say more, to continue with the story. |
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Term
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Definition
| Private room or space with only examiner and patient present |
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Term
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Definition
| Examiner's statement is not based on direct observation, but is based on examiner's inference or conclusion; it links events, makes associations, or implies cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meeting between examiner and patient with goal of gathering a complete health history. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using medical vocabulary with patient in an exclusionary and paternalistic way. |
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Term
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Definition
| a question that implies that one answer would be better than another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Massage conveyed through body language- posture, gestures, facial expression, eye contact, touch, and even where one places the chairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asks for longer narrative information; unbiased; leaves the person free to answer in any way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Examiner response that echoes that patient's words; repeats part of what patient has just said. |
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Term
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Definition
| Final review of what examiner understands patient has said; condenses facts and presents a survey of how the examiner perceives the health problem or need. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speech used by age 3 or 4 in which three- or four-word sentences contain only the essential words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Messages sent through spoken words, vocalizations, tone of voice. |
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Term
| List 8 items of information that should be communicated to the patient concerning the terms or expectations of the interview: |
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Definition
• Time and place of interview and physical exam
• Introduction of yourself an a brief explanation of your role
• The purpose of the interview
• How long it will take
• Expectation of participation for each person
• Presence of any other people (e.g. - patient's family, other health professionals, students)
• Confidentiality and to what extent it may be limited
• Any costs that the patient must pay |
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Term
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Definition
• Carries you and the patient through the interview.
• The exchange of information so that each person clearly understands the other. |
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Term
| What are the roles of a two-person interaction? |
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Definition
• sender
• receiver
When exchanging information, both individuals engage in verbal and nonverbal communication. Internal and external factors can affect communication. |
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Term
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Definition
What you bring to the interview.
Three internal factors promote good communication:
• liking others
• expressing empathy
• having the ability to listen |
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Term
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Definition
Relate mainly to the physical setting.
You can foster good communication with certain external factors:
• such as by ensuring privacy
• preventing interruptions
• creating a conducive environment
• documenting responses without interfering with the conversation |
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Term
| Three phases of the interview: |
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Definition
| An introduction, a working phase, and a closing. |
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Term
| What should the introduction of the interview include? |
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Definition
Greet the patient appropraitely
Introduce yourself
state your role in the agency (if you are a student, say so)
If you are gathering a complete history, give the reason for this interview. |
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Term
| What should be addressed during the working phase of the interview? |
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Definition
During the working phase, gather data.
Start with open-ended questions, which ask for narrative information.
Then use closed questions, which ask for specific information in short, one- or two-word answers. |
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Term
| What should occur during the closing of the interview? |
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Definition
During the closing, signal that the interview is ending- "Is there anything else you would like to mention?"
Which gives the patient one last chance to share concerns or express himself or herself.
Indicate that closing is imminent- "Our interview is just about over"
Give summary- final statement of what you and the patient agree the health state to be. Should include:
- Positive health aspects
- any health problems that have been identified
- any plans for action
- explanation of the following physical exam
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Term
| Types of verbal responses that assist the narrative and help gather data: |
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Definition
• Through facilitation, silence, reflection, empathy, and clarification, you react to the facts or feelings the patient has communicated. Your response focuses on the patient’s frame of reference.
• Through confrontation, interpretation, explanation, and summary, your response focuses on your own frame of reference, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
| Ten traps of communicating: |
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Definition
• Providing false assurance or reassurance
• Giving unwanted advice
• Using authority
• Using avoidance language
• Engaging in distancing
• Using professional jargon
• Using leading or biased questions
• Talking too much
• Interrupting
• Using “why” questions |
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Term
| Nonverbal modes of communication: |
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Definition
• Physical appearance
• Posture
• Gestures
• Facial expression
• Eye contact
• Voice
• Touch |
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Term
| Physical environment for interview: |
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Definition
• Set room temperature at a comfortable level
• Provide sufficient lighting
• Reduce noise
• Remove distracting objects or equipment
• Place distance between you and patient at 4-5 ft.
• Arrange equal-status seating (eye level)
• Arrange face-to-face position when interviewing the hospitalized bedridden person |
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Term
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Definition
• Use for narrative information
• Calls for long paragraph answers
• Elicits feelings, opinions, ideas
• Builds and enhances rapport |
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Term
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Definition
• Use for specific information
• Calls for short one- to two-word answers
• Elicits cold facts
• Limits rapport and leaves interaction neutral |
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Term
| Parents or caretakers accompany children to the health care setting. Starting at ___ years of age, the interviewer asks the child directly about his or her presenting symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| While discussing the treatment plan, the nurse infers that the patient is uncomfortable asking the physician for a different treatment because of fear of the physician’s reaction. In this situation, the nurse's verbal interpretation: |
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Definition
• Helps the patient understand personal feelings in relation to his or her verbal message
Patients may experience barriers to communication with a health care provider seen as an authority figure. The patient may not share personal feelings if fear is experienced. In this situation, the nurse identified the patient’s personal feelings in relation to the patient’s verbal message. |
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Term
| When addressing a toddler during the interview, the health care provider should: |
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Definition
| Use short, simple, concrete sentences |
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Term
| Nonverbal communication is the primary form of communication for which group of individuals? |
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Definition
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Term
The most appropriate introduction to use to start an interview with an older adult patient is:
A) “Mr. Jones, I want to ask you some questions about your health so that we can plan your care.”
B) “David, I am here to ask you questions about your illness; we want to determine what is wrong.”
C) “Mr. Jones, is it okay if I ask you several questions this morning about your health?”
D) “Because so many people have already asked you questions, I will just get the information from the chart.” |
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Definition
| A) “Mr. Jones, I want to ask you some questions about your health so that we can plan your care.” |
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Term
Before determining whether cultural practices are helpful, harmful, or neutral, nurses must first understand:
A) the logic of the traditional belief systems.
B) the beliefs of the patient’s family.
C) their personal belief models.
D) the risk of disease in the patient’s ethnic group. |
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Definition
| A) the logic of the traditional belief systems. |
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Term
On the basis of median age:
A) The non-Hispanic white population tends to be younger.
B) The Hispanic population tends to be older.
C) The Asian population tends to be younger.
D) Minorities tend to be older than non-Hispanic white populations. |
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Definition
| C) The Asian population tends to be younger. |
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Term
| When considering cultural competence, there are discrete areas that the nurse must develop knowledge of to understand the health care needs of others. These discrete areas include understanding of: |
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Definition
• Cultural and ethnic values
• The heritage of the nursing profession.
• The heritage of the patient. |
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Term
| The CAGE test is a screening questionnaire that helps to identify: |
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Definition
excessive or uncontrollable drinking.
CAGE is a screening questionnaire to identify excessive or uncontrolled drinking (e.g., C = Cut down; A = Annoyed; G = Guilty; E = Eye opener). |
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Term
| When recording information for the review of systems, the interviewer must document: |
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Definition
The presence or absence of all symptoms under the system heading.
When recording information for the review of systems, the interviewer should record the presence or absence of all symptoms, otherwise it is unknown which factors were asked. |
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Term
| Assessment of self-esteem and self-concept is part of the functional assessment. Areas covered under self-esteem and self-concept include: |
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Definition
education, financial status, and value-belief system.
Functional assessment measures a person’s self-care ability. The areas assessed under the self-esteem and self-concept section of the functional assessment include education, financial status, and value-belief system. |
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Term
| PQRSTU is a mnemonic that helps the clinician to remember to address characteristics specific to: |
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Definition
Symptoms.
The eight critical characteristics of any symptom reported in the history of the present illness are:
• P = provocative or palliative;
• Q = quality or quantity;
• R = region or radiation;
• S = severity scale;
• T = timing
• U = understand patient’s perception |
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Term
| The nurse questions the reliability of the history provided by the patient. One method to verify information within the context of the interview is to: |
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Definition
| Rephrase the same questions later in the interview |
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Term
| What information is included in greater detail when taking a health history on an infant? |
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Definition
Nutritional data
The amount of nutritional information needed depends on the child’s age; the younger the child is the more detailed and specific the data should be. |
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