Term
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Definition
-You can never do just one thing
-Everything goes somewhere
-No population can increase in size forever
-No free lunch (tradeoffs)
-Evolution matters
-Life would be impossible without species interactions |
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Term
| Interactions among organisms and between organisms and the environment include... |
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Definition
-flows (energy, nutrients)
-other types of interactions (predation, competition) |
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Term
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Definition
| filter that affects how animal and plant communities are organized (community assembly) |
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Term
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Definition
| reversible physiological changes -> acclimation |
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Term
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Definition
| natural selection will favor individuals with genetic traits that give them a fitness advantage under the new conditions -> adaptation |
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Term
| Nothing limits terrestrial plant production to the extent that _____ does |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Photosynthesis
-Transport
-Support |
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Term
| allow both CO2 intake and transpiration to occur in plants |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some challenges faced by terrestrial organisms? |
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Definition
-Temperature regulation
-Water balance
-Electrolyte balance and osmoregulation |
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Term
| Na limitation or deficiency is a common problem for herbivores. Why? |
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Definition
| Our membrane transport systems evolved in a marine environment (Na+ is the dominant cation in seawater), and have been largely conserved (our early tetrapod ancestors brought extracellular “marine” environment on to land with them) |
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Term
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Definition
-Nerve and muscle cell excitation
-Cell volume regulation
-Regulation of urine concentration: H2O conservation
-Cotransport (e.g. glucose uptake) and countertransport (Ca++ exchange) |
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Term
| What can animals do to minimize Na loss? |
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Definition
-Geophagy (eating dirt)
-Using Na-enriched water
-Selecting Na-rich plants |
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Term
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Definition
-Most abundant protein on Earth
-Rate-limiting rxn for CO2 assimilation
-O2 is a competitive inhibitor to CO2 at the active site
-Catalyzes both the carboxylation of RuBP and its oxygenation -> photorespiration |
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Term
| Ratio of reaction rates (carboxylation vs. oxygenation) depends on... |
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Definition
| [CO2] vs [O2] and temperature |
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Term
| What limits photosynthesis? |
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Definition
-Supply of CO2
-Light (400 – 700 nm)
-Water
-N supply
-Temperature |
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Term
| C4 photosynthesis (Grasses) |
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Definition
-Separation of CO2 uptake and Calvin cycle
-PEPcase has higher CO2 affinity than Rubisco -> photorespiration is reduced |
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Term
| C4 is more efficient than C3 at high temperatures -> “warm-season grasses” – Why? |
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Definition
| Affininty for Co2 increases w/ temp increase |
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Term
| C4 plants have higher water use efficiency (WUE) than C3 plants – Why? |
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Definition
| C4 plants can bring in Co2 even when stomata are closed |
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Term
| Does C4 do better in high or low light? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do C4 plants use more or less energy than C3 plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What responses should we expect from C3 and C4 plants under global climate change? |
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Definition
| Increase in abundance of C3 woody plants |
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Term
| What are some allocation tradeoffs we might expect from plants in carbon allocation? |
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Definition
-growth vs antiherbivore defense
-Plants adapted to resource poor env. are slow growing
-Plants in resc. poor env. tend to have long lived tissues (ex. leaves)
-It is worth defending against herbivores in these env. |
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Term
| Photosynthesis is a _____ level process |
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Definition
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Term
| an aggregate, ecosystem-level metric of C fixation through photosynthesis... |
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Definition
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Term
| total photosynthesis per unit area |
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Definition
| Gross Primary Production (GPP) |
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Term
| Adding extra leaf layers yields diminishing... |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is left of C fixation after respiratory losses ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Over grazing
-Precip
-Temp |
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Term
| Can herbivory actually enhance NPP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some life history variables? |
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Definition
-mode of reproduction (sexual vs asexual)
-age at first reproduction
-parity - number of reproductive events
-number of offspring per reproductive event
-level of parental investment per offspring
-lifespan |
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Term
| Advantage of annual plants? |
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Definition
| No investment in harsh conditions |
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Term
| Advantage of perennial plants? |
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Definition
| Already established space. |
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Term
-rapid development
-early maturity
-high reproductive rates
-low parental investment |
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Definition
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Term
-slow development
-delayed maturity
-low reproductive rates
-high parental investment |
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Definition
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Term
| An unpredictable habitat leads to a majority of what type of species? |
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Definition
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Term
-mature at large size
-long life spans
-generally require stable conditions |
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Definition
| competitive species (middle of r-k) |
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Term
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Definition
| then the population will grow |
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Term
| Geometric growth occurs when... |
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Definition
| reproductive events are discrete in time |
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Term
| exponential growth occurs when... |
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Definition
| reproduction is a continuous process |
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Term
| due to intrinsic variation in demographic parameters (survival, growth, reproduction) among individuals |
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Definition
| Demographic stochasticity |
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Term
| results from externally-imposed variation, e.g., drought, fire |
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Definition
| Environmental stochasticity |
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Term
| The risk of extinction is higher when |
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Definition
1- Initial population size is small
2- The stochastic component gets larger |
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Term
| detrimental effects of small population size |
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Definition
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Term
| a network of discrete populations, mostly isolated from each other but linked by dispersal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Mutation
-Natural selection
-Genetic drift
-Recombination and gene flow |
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Term
| 3 types of natural selection |
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Definition
-directional
-stabilizing
-disruptive |
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Term
| distribution boundaries where a specie cannot survive/persist |
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Definition
-Abiotic constraints
-Biotic constraints
-Disturbance |
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Term
| distribution boundaries where a species cannot be there to begin with |
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Definition
-Evolutionary history and
biogeographic “accidents”
-Dispersal limitation |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment |
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Term
| Any use or defense of a resource by one individual that reduces the availability of that resource to other individuals |
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Definition
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