ground substance

tissue or interstitial fluid

matrix

water, gas, minerals, nutrients, waste and other chemicals

• single layer of thin cells
• found in air sacs of lungs
• allows rapid diffusion or transport of substances through a membrane

• single layer of sqaure or round cells
• found in epithelium in the kidney tubules
• allows absorption and secretion
• production of protective mucous coat

• single layer of tall narrow cells
• found in inner lining of stomach and intestines
• absorption and secretion of mucous and other products

• looks multilayered because some cells dont reach free surface
• often have goblet cells
• found in the trachea and respiratory tract
• secretes and propels mucous

• muptile layers of cells becoming increasingly flat and scaly towards surface
• found in palms and soles in hands and feet
• ressist abrasions and penetrations of pathogens

• two or more layers of cells where the surface layer is sqaure or round
• found in sweat ducts
• contributes to sweat secretions

• resembles stratified squamos
• surface cells are round not flat
• found in urinary tract
• streches to allow filling of urinary tract

components of fibrous connective tissue.

CELLS

• fibroblast-produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue
• macrophages- large phagocytic cells. wonder through the CT, destroy bacteria foreign particles and dead or dying cells, activate the immune system, arise from white blood cells called monocytes.
• leukocytes- white blood cells. travel briefly thru bloodstream, crawl through the walls of blood vessels and spend most their time in connective tissue, and wander around attacking bateria
• plasma cells- lymphocytes turn into plasma cells when the detect forgein agents, synthesize disease fighting proteins called antibodies, rarely seen except in walls of intestines and in inflammed tissue.
• mast cells- secrete heparin and histamine. heparin inhibits blood clotting. histamine increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels.
• adipocytes- fat cells. filled mainly by a globule of triglycerides, the nucleus and cytoplasm are pressed against the insideof the plasma membrane in a thin layer.

3 types of fibers

• collagenous
• reticular
• elastic

• made of collagen
• tough and flexible and resist stretching'
• most abundant protein found in body (25%)

reticular fibers

• thin collagen fibers coated w glycoprotein
• form a spongelike framework for organs suchs as the spleen and lymph nodes

• thinner than collagenous fibers
• branch and rejoin each other along their course
• made of the protein elastin
• elastins coiled structure allows it to stretch and recoil like a rubber band

• glycoaminoglycan (gag)
• proteoglycan
• adhesive glycoprotein

• a long polysaccharide composed unusual disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid
• tend to attract sodium and absorb and hold water
• play an important role in regulating the water and electrylyte balance of tissues
• most abundant gag is chondroitin sulfate
• chondroitin responsible for the stiffness of cartiliage

• shaped somewhat like a test tube brush
• form thick colliods similar to those of gelatin and glue
• slows the spread of pathogenic organisms through the tissues
• create a strong structural bond between cells and extra celluar maromolecules and help to hold tissues together.

• protein carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane proteins to collagen out of the cell
• mark pathways that guide migrating embryonic cells to their destinations in a tissue.

• loose
• dense
• areolar
• reticular
• dense regular
• dense irregular

• much of the space is occupied by ground substance
• leaves empty space in prepared tissue sections

• fiber occupies more space than cells and ground substance
• appears closely packed in tissue sections

• found in tissue section from almost every part of the body
• nearly every epithelium rest on a layer of areloar tissue
• its blood vessels provide nutrition, waste removal, and leukocytes to fight infection

• constitutes most of the dermis
• tough fibrous sheath around the bones, nerves, and most cartilage

• fat cells
• mainly consist of adipocytes
• fat is the bodys primary energy reservoir
• most adipose tissue is a type called white fat
• fetuses have a heat generating tissue called brown fat

• a supportive connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix
• external ear, tip of nose, larynx

• fills the heads of long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones such as the sternum
• although it is calcified and hard, its delicate slivers and plates give it a spongy appearance.

• a denser calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the  naked eye
• forms the external surfaces of all bones
• spongy bone is always covered by compact bone

• consist of neurons and neuroglia
• neurons- nerve cells
• neuroglia- protect and assist the neurons

• skeletal
• cardiac
• smooth

• heart muscle tissue
• striated
• branched fibers
• only have one nucleus
• involuntary
• intercalated disc

• attached to boes
• multinucleated
• volunary

• no striations
• involuntary
• digestive system

• multipotent
• unipotent

• able to develop into two or more different cell lines
• some adult cells
• bone marrow stem cells can give rise to red blood cells, five kinds of white blood cells, and platlet producing cells

• can only produce one mature cell type
• cells that give rise to sperm and egg

• regeneration
• fibrosis

• the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before
• restores normal function to the organ
• heal skin injuries
• liver regenerates very well

• the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue
• composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblast
• helps to hold an organ together but doesnt restore its normal function
• severe cuts and burns muscle injuries tuberculosis scars the lungs

• ring of 6 transmembrane proteins form a water -filled pore allowing solutes to pass from cell to cell
• found in- intercalated disc, embryos, most smooth muscle cells
• absent in skeletal muscle

• receptor- senses change
• integrator- control center, interprets change and initiates repsonse
• effector- carries out response restores homeostatis

• celluar- necessary for growth and repair of tissues, an original cell divides and produces 2 identical daughter cells
• organismal- sperm and egg unite to make a whole new individual

• differentiation- cells that change from no function to a specific function
• growth- increase in size or to replace old/damaged cells

• regional
• systemic
• surface

1. chemical
2. celluar
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organism level

1. connects organs
2. gives support and protection
3. stores energy and produces heat
4. movement of bones
5. transport of materials through blood
6. storage especially fat, calcium, and phosphate
7. heat production in infants and childern

1. involves interaction of chemical, thermal, and neural factors
2. communication accomplished by neurons and endocrine systems
3. stimulas/response type of mechanism (+) (-) feedback

simple molecules are used to synthesize more complex molecules.

produce waste and go from simple to complex

1. zipperlike structures encircle epithelial cells joining them with neighboring cells
2. makes it difficult for substance to pass between cells

1. organization
2. celluar composition
3. metabolism
4. excretion
5. repsonsiveness
6. movement
7. homeostasis
8. development
9. reproduction
10. evolution

1. snaplike patches holding cells together, enbaling tissues to resist mechanical stress
2. small gap between cells is spanned by filaments that end in a thick protein plaque at cells surface

3 types of Tissue Growth

• Hyperplasia- tissue growth through cell mulptiplication
• hypertrophy-enlargement of preexisiting cells ; muscle grow through exercise
• neoplasia- growth of a tumor benign or malignant  through growth of abnormal non fucntioning functional tissue

• serous fluid- thin watery secretions
• mucous
• whole cells- sperm and eggs are produced by cytogenic glands

• cutaneous
• serous
• synovial
• mucous

• skin
• external membrane
• keratinized stratified squamos epithelium
• dry resist dehyrdation, protects against bacterial growth

• line the closed ventral cavity and its organs
• SSE over a thin layer aerolar CT
• secrete watery serous fluid which arises from the blood
• includes pleurae, pericardium, peritoneum( mesothelium)
• AKA- endothelium or endocardium depending on lymph nodes or heart

• made only of CT
• line movable joints
• secretes slippery synovial fluid to lubricate joints

• resistance to trauma and infection
• barrier to water and uv light and mini chemicals
• vitamin d synthesis

1. UV light turns to
2. cholestorol dirivertive leads to
3. vitamin d pre cursor which leads to
4. liver and kidneys for completion

• skin
• hair
• nails
• cutaneous glands