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| the study of biological processes, especially those of the human body |
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| The investigation of nature and reality using logical reasoning |
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| the study of biological processes within living beings, especially animals including humans |
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| Debate over independence of mind and body. 16-17 century. Thomas Hobbes believed that two were the same thing. |
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-Difficult to understand the whole by isolating small number of factors
-humans are made of many interrelated parts |
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Humans do not THINK or ACT in the same way.
-gender, culture, age differences |
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Use of the personal ASSUMPTIONS to answer questions
-Confidence in assumptions is atypically high; hard to change |
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Use of LOGICAL REASONING to answer questions
-Biases/mental errors |
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Use of OBSERVATION to answer questions
-People are complex/variable/reactive |
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People do not think or act the same way in similar situations
-People flip flop (ex.)politicians |
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| Scientist use to answer question |
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Initial Contributions addresses mind/body issues
-Surgical removal of non-human brain parts corresponded to impairments in functioning
-Paul Broca showed that localized damage to human brains also impaired mental functioning
-Case of Tan |
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Had damage to small area to brain's left hemisphere
-Could not speak only could say his name.
-Able to understand what other said |
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-Exposed both human and non-human beings to a stimulus in various parts or the body
-Reaction time
-Was able to estimate the messaging speed of the body to brain
-Sensory input from the environment |
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Credited to finding the study of Psychology.
-Research assistant to von Helmholtz
-Taught first psychological course in 1862 at the University of Heidelberg
-Opened first psychological laboratory in 1879 at leipzig |
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Founded first school of thought.
-idea that the mind can be understood by knowing its basic properties and their interrelationships.
-Borrowed from chemistry
-Focused on individual consciousness
-used introspection to measure consciousness |
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-Over 44,000 properties identified
-Student of Frued |
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Adapted Darwin's ideas and creates second school of thought
-Named Functionalism |
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Important to know what the mind does for individuals
-Disregard properties
-Mind best understood by knowing how it helps individuals adapt to their environments
-Uses illusions to demonstrate importance |
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| -Named psychoanalytic theory |
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| Idea that part of mind acts on individuals without awareness |
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Founded new school of though is behaviorism.
-States that the mind can ONLY be studied by observing behavior
-Mind=behavior
-Early work focused on classical conditioning |
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Spokesman behaviorism dominates psychology for at least 20 years
-Creates new theory of behavior |
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Behavior is determined by reinforcements and punishment
-Reinforcements increase behavior
-Punishments decrease behaivor |
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Language researchers note that behaviorism cannot explain results
-Note that children create new words and sentences without prior exposure to stimuli |
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Largest applied field
-Branch of psychology focused on the assessment and treatment of mental illness and disability
-Focus is on psychological disorders and their treatment
-Focus is on psychological abnormality
-Conduct Mental testing |
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| Has a Ph.d in psychology does not prescribe meditation |
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| Has a M.D and prescribe medication |
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Branch of psychology focused on personal problems not classified at serious mental disorders
-Example include academic, social, or vocational problems
-Focused on psychological normality
-Do not conduct mental testing |
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Branch of psychology focused on addressing school-related problems to facilitate the learning and development of children
-Mix of clinical and counseling psychology
-Can address normal and abnormal issues
-Some can perform mental testing
-Limited context |
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| Industrial/Organizational {i/o} |
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The scientific study of psychology within the workplace.
-Purpose is to assess and enhance the effectiveness of individuals, group, and organizations |
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| Focuses on the sciences of hiring and retaining employees |
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| Organizational Psychology |
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| Focuses on interpersonal, group, inter-group, and inter-organizational performance |
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The scientific study of mental process
-Perception and memory are two mani areas |
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| The study of how people identify,organize, and interpret environmental stimuli |
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| The study of how people encode, store, and retrieve information |
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The scientific study of the nervous system
-Also called physiological psychology |
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| Area that studies the relationship between behavior and the nervous system |
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| Area that studies the relationship between mental functioning and the nervous system |
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| Area that studies the relationship between mental functioning and the nervous system |
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The scientific study of the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
-Study of how people affect and are affected by other people
-real or imagined
-Union of sociology and psychology |
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The scientific study of how people do and do no change during the life span
-Area can focus on normal and abnormal development
-Psychologist typically focus on particular types of development
ex.-neurological, cognitive, social |
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| Psychologist begin by identifying which variables to examine |
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| A property or aspect of a study which varies or changes |
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| Purpose is to see how variables are associated or related to one another |
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| Characterized by two properties strength and direction |
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| Increases in one variable are associated with increases with a second variable |
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| Increases in one variable are associated with decreases with a second variable |
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Indicates how consistent changes in one variable are associated with the other
-Focus is on degree of relationship
-Three types-zero,weak,strong |
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| Scores for one variable do not consistently change when the other does |
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| Scores for one variable somewhat consistently change when the other does |
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| Scores for one variable consistently change when the other does |
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A technique for establishing the casual relationship between variables
-use manipulates |
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A variable that is changed by the research specifically
-The independent variable |
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Variable thought to be the effect is measured (recorded)
-Measures or recorded by the researcher |
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Manipulates by the researcher
-Hypothesized to be the cause |
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| Group that is NOT changed by researcher |
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| Group that is change by researcher |
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Mental functioning is dependent on basic units of the nervous system
-Cells in the nervous systems which communicates with each other to perform mental function
-Estimated 100 Billion of these in your brain |
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| 3 core parts of the Neuron |
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Also known as Soma
-Has two basic functions for neuron
-Coordinates actions within the neuron
-Keep neuron alive |
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Branch like structures of neuron
-Have two basic functions- Receive information from other neuron and transmit information to cell body |
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Single protrusion from cell body
-Single function
-Transmit information to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
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| Combination of electrical and chemical process |
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| Receives information from our environment and send it to the spinal cord |
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| Send messages from the spinal cord to our muscle to initiate behavior/movement |
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Helps send information from and to the spinal cord
-Acts as an intermediary |
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Sensory-interneurons-spinal cord
spinal cord-interneuron- motor |
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| An interacting network of neurons that convey information through out the body |
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Consist of two body parts the brain and spinal cord
-1.Receives sensory information from the environment
-2. Process and interprets this information
-3. Sends behavioral commands to other parts of the body |
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Neural connections which lie outside the brain and spinal cord.
-Connects the CNS to the various organs and muscles
-One main function to help the CNS to communicate with the rest of the body |
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