Term
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Definition
| concept by Durkheim referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior |
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Definition
| Bureaucracy→a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time salaried officials |
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Definition
| Capitalism→an economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit |
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Definition
| Division of labor→ the specialization of work tasks, by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system. All societies have at least some rudimentary form of division of labor, especially between the tasks allocated to men and those performed by women. With the development of industrialism, the division of labor became vastly more complex than in any prior type of productions system. In the modern world the division of labor is international in scope. |
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| Feminist theory→ A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of experience of women. There are many strands of feminist theory, but they all share the desire to explain gender inequalities in society and to work to overcome them. |
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| Functionalism→ A theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform- that is the contributions they make to the continuity of society. |
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Definition
| Globalization→ The development of social and economic relationships stretching worldwide. IN current times, we are all influenced by organizations and social networks located thousands of miles away. A key part of the study of globalization is the mergence of a world system- for some purposes we need to regard the world as forming a single social order |
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| Ideology→ shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interest of dominant groups. Ideologies are found in all societies in which there are systematic and ingrained inequalities between groups. The concept of ideology connects closely with that of power, since ideological systems serve to legitimize the power that groups hold. |
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| Latent functions→ functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur (rain dance was suppose to bring rain but it also united the community) |
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| Macro sociology→ the study of large-scale groups, organizations, or social systems (political system or economic order) |
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| Manifest functions→the functions of a type of social activity that are known to and intended y the individuals involved in the activity |
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| Marxism→ a body of thought deriving from Marx’s ideas |
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| Materialist conception of history→ |
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Definition
| Materialist conception of history→ the view developed my Marx, according to which martial, or economic, factors have a prime role in determining historical change |
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Definition
| Micro sociology→the study of human behavior in contests of face-to-face interaction |
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| Organic solidarity→according to emilie Durkheim, the social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functions as an integrated whole→ tree idea |
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| Postmodernism → The belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. Postmodern society is highly pluralistic and diverse, with no “grand narrative” guiding its development |
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Definition
| Power→the ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interest they hold. Power is a pervasive element in all human relationships. Many conflicts in society are struggles over power, because how much power an individual or groups are able to achieve governs how far they are able to put their wishes into practice |
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| Rational choice approach→ |
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Definition
| Rational choice approach→the theory that an individual’s behavior is purposive. Within the field of criminology, rational choice analysis argues that deviant behavior is a rational response to a specific social situation |
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Definition
| Rationalization→ a concept used by Max Weber to refer to the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving abstract rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world |
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Definition
| Science→ involves the disciplined marshaling of empirical data, combined with theoretical approaches and theories that illuminate or explain those data. Scientific activity combines the creation of boldly new modes of thought with the careful testing of hypotheses and ideas. One major feature that helps distinguish science from other idea systems (like religion) is the assumption that all scientific ideas are open to criticism and revision |
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| Social constraint→ the conditioning influence on our behavior of the groups and societies of which we are members. Social constraint was regarded by Emilie Durkheim as one of the distinctive properties of social facts |
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Definition
| Social facts → According to Emilie Durkheim, the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals. Durkheim believed that social facts could be studied scientifically. |
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Definition
| Social structure→ the underlying regularities or patterns in how people behave and in their relationships with one another |
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Term
| Sociological imagination→ |
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| Sociological imagination→ the application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions. Someone using the sociological imaginations “thinks himself away” from the familiar routines of daily life |
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| Sociology→ the study of human groups and societies, giving particular emphasis to analysis of the industrialized world. Sociology is one of a groups of social sciences, which include anthropology, economics, political science, and human geography. The divisions between the various social sciences are not clear-cut and all share a certain range of common interest, concepts, and methods. |
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| Structuration →the 2 way process by which we shape or social world through our individual actions and by which we are reshaped by society |
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Definition
| Symbol→ one item used to stand for or represent another- a flag symbolizes a nation |
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Definition
| Symbolic interactionism→ a theoretical approach in sociology developed by George Herbert Mead, which emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction |
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Definition
| Theoretical approach→ a perspective on social life derived from a particular theoretical tradition. Some of the major theoretical traditions in sociology in clued functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and Marxism. Theoretical approaches supply overall perspective within which sociologies work and influence the areas of their research as well as the modes in which research problems are identified and tackled |
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Definition
| Theory → an attempt to identify general properties that explain regularly observed events. Theories form an essential element of all sociological works. While theories tend to be linked to broader theoretical approaches, they are also strongly influence by the research results they help generate |
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Definition
| Causal relationship→ a relationship in which one state of affairs (the effect) is brought about by another (the cause) (car break example) |
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| Causation→ the causal influence of one factor or variable upon another. A cause and effect relationship exists whenever a particular event or state of affairs (the effect) is produced by the existence of another (the cause) causal factors in sociology include the reasons individuals give for what they do, as well as external influences on their behavior |
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Definition
| Comparative questions→ questions concerned with drawing comparisons between different human societies for the purpose of sociology theory or research |
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Definition
| Comparative research→ research that compares one set of finding on one society with the same type of findings on other societies |
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Definition
| Controls→ statistical or experimental means of holding some variables constant in order to examine the causal influence of others |
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Definition
| Correlation→ the regular relationship between two variables, often expressed in statistical terms. Correlations may be positive or negative. A positive correlation between two variables exists when a high rank on one variable is associated with a high rank on the other. A negative correlation exists when a high rank on one variable is associated with a low ran on another. |
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| Correlation coefficients→ |
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Definition
| Correlation coefficients→ the measure of the degree of correlation between variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree of dispersal→ the range or distribution of a set of figures |
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Definition
| Dependent variable→ a variable or factor causally influence by another |
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Definition
| Developmental questions→ questions that sociologists pose when looking a the origins and path of development of social institutions from the past to the present |
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| Empirical investigations→ |
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Definition
| Empirical investigations→ factual inquiries carried out in any area of sociological study |
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Definition
| Ethnography→ the firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing |
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Definition
| Experiment→ a research method in which variables can be analyzed in a controlled and systematic way, either in an artificial situation constructed by the researcher or in naturally occurring settings |
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Definition
| Factual questions→ questions that raise issues concerning matters of fact (rather than theoretical or moral issues) |
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Definition
| Hypothesis→ ideas or guesses about a given state of affairs, put forward as bases for empirical testing |
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Definition
| Independent variable→ a variable the causally affects another |
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Definition
| Life histories→ studies of the overall lives of individuals, often passed on both self reporting and documents such as letters |
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Definition
| Mean→ a statistical measure of central tendency, or average, based on dividing a total by the number of individual cases |
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| Measures of central tendency→ |
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Definition
| Measures of central tendency→ the ways of calculating averages |
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Definition
| Median→ the number that falls halfway in the range of numbers, a way of calculating central tendency that is sometimes more useful than calculating a mean |
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Term
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Definition
| Mode → the number that appears most often in a given set of data… to portray central tendency |
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Definition
| Oral history→ interviews with people about events they witnessed or experienced at some point earlier in their lives |
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Term
| Participant observation → |
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Definition
| Participant observation → a method of research in which the researcher takes part in the actives of the group or community being studied |
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Definition
| Pilot study→ a trial run in survey research |
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Definition
| Population→ the people who are the focus of social research |
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Definition
| Random sampling→ sampling method in which a sample is chosen so that every member of the population ahs the same probability of being included |
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Definition
| Reflexivity→ the connections between knowledge and social life. The knowledge we gain about society can affect the way in which we act in it. For example, reading a survey about the high level of support for a political party might lead an individual to express support for that party too |
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Definition
| Representative sample→ a sample from a larger population that is statistically typical of that population |
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Definition
| Research methods→ the diverse methods of investigation used to gather empirical material. most commonly used are fieldwork (participant observation) and survey methods |
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Definition
| Sample→ a small potion of a larger population |
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Term
| Sampling→ studying a proportion of individuals or cases from a larger population as representative of that population as a whole |
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Definition
| Sampling→ studying a proportion of individuals or cases from a larger population as representative of that population as a whole |
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Definition
| Standard deviation→ a way of calculating the spread of a group of figures |
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Term
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Definition
| Survey→ a method of sociological research in which questionnaires are administered to the population being studied |
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Definition
| Theoretical questions→ questioned posed by sociologist when seeking to explain a particular range of observed events. The asking of theoretical question is crucial to allowing us to generalize about the nature of social life |
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Definition
| Triangulation→ the use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than is available from any single method |
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Definition
| Variable → a dimension along which an object, individual, or group may be categorized such as income or height |
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Term
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Definition
| Agrarian societies→societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production |
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Term
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Definition
| Assimilation→ the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Colonialism→ the process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories |
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Definition
| Cultural relativism→the practice of judging a society by its own standards |
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Definition
| Cultural turn→ sociology’s recent emphasis on the importance of understanding the role of culture in daily life |
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Definition
| Cultural universals→ values of modes of behavior shared by all human cultures |
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Definition
| Culture→ the values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group. Culture is one of the most distinctive properties of human social association |
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Definition
| Developing world→ the less-developed societies, in which industrial production is either virtually nonexistent or only developed to a limited degree. The majority of the world’s population life in less-developed countries |
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Definition
| Ethnocentrism→ the tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one’s own culture, and thereby misrepresent them |
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Definition
| First world→ the group of nation-0states that possesses mature industrialized economies based on capitalistic production |
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Term
| Hunting and gathering societies→ |
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Definition
| Hunting and gathering societies→ societies whose mode of subsistence is gained from hunting animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants |
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Definition
| Industrialization→ the process of the machine production of goods. |
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| Industrialized societies→ |
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Definition
| Industrialized societies→ strongly developed nation-states in which the majority of the population work kin factories of offices rather than in agriculture, and most people live in urban areas |
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Definition
| Instincts→ fixed patterns of behavior that have genetic origins and that appear in all normal animals within a given species |
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Definition
| Language→ the primary vehicle of meaning and communication in a society, language is a system of symbols that represents objects and abstract thoughts |
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Term
| Linguistic relativity hypothesis→ |
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Definition
| Linguistic relativity hypothesis→ a hypothesis, based on the theories of Sapir and Whorf, that perceptions are relative to language |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage→ a socially approved sexual relationship between two individuals. Marriage almost always involves two persons of opposite sexes, but in some cultures, types of homosexual marriage are tolerated. Marriage normally forms the basis of a family of procreation- that is, it is expected that the married couple will produce and bring up children. |
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Definition
| Material goods → the physical objects that a society creates, which influence the ways in which people live |
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Definition
| Multiculturalism→ ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life |
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Term
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Definition
| Nation-states→ particular types of states, characteristic of the modern world, in which governments have sovereign power within defined territorial areas, and populations are citizens who know themselves to be part of single nations. Nation0states are closely associated with the rise of nationalism although nationalist localities do not always conform to the boundaries of specific states. Nation-states developed as part of an emerging nation-state system, originating in Europe; in current times, they span the whole globe |
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Definition
| Nationalism→ a set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community |
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| Newly industrializing economies→ |
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Definition
| Newly industrializing economies→ developing countries that over the past two or three decades have begun to develop a strong industrial base, such as Singapore and Hong Kong |
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Term
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Definition
| Norms→ rule of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situation. A norm either prescribes a given type of behavior or forbids it. All human groups follow definite norms, which are always backed by sanctions of one kind or another- varying from informal disapproval to physical punishment |
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Definition
| Pastoral societies→ societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domestic animals |
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Definition
| Second World→ before the 1898 democracy movements this included the industrials Communist societies of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union |
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Definition
| Semiotics→ the study of the ways in which nonlinguistic phenomenon can generate meaning- as in the example of a traffic light |
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Definition
| Signifier→ any vehicle of meaning and communication |
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Definition
| Society→ a group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups |
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Definition
| Sociobiology→ an approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles |
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Definition
| Subcultures→ values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society |
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Definition
Values → ideas held by individuals or groups about what I desirable, proper, good, and bad. What individuals value is strongly influenced by their cultures
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Definition
| External risk→ dangers that spring from the natural world and are unrelated to the actions of humans like droughts or storms |
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Term
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Definition
| Information society→ a society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but on the production of knowledge the notion of the information society is closely bound up with the rice of informational technology |
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Definition
| Knowledge society→another common term for information society—one passed on production and consumption of knowledge and information |
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Definition
| Manufactured risk→dangers that are created by the impact of human knowledge and technology on the natural world… for example global warming and GMF’s |
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Definition
| Postindustrial society→ a notion advocated by those who believe that processes of social change are taking us beyond the industrialized order. A post industrial society is based on the production of information rather than material goods. – they say we are experiencing a series of social changes as profound as those that initiated the industrial era |
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Definition
| Postmodern→ belief society is no longer governed by history its completely random now |
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Definition
| Service society→ a concept related to the one of postindustrial society, it refers to a social order distinguished by the growth of service occupations at the expense of industrial jobs that produce material goods |
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Definition
| Social change→ alteration in basic structures of a social group or society. Social change is an ever-present phenomenon in social life, but has become especially intense in the modern era. The origins of modern sociology can be raced to attempts to understand the dramatic changes shattering the traditional world and promoting new forms of social order. |
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Term
| Transnational corporations→ |
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Definition
| Transnational corporations→ business corporations located in two or more countries |
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Term
| what represent hunting and gathering societies |
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Definition
| little econoimc inequality (stratification) among different members |
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Term
| which theoretical approach maintains that in order to explain most aspects of human behavior we should focus on self interest? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| feelings of aimlessness and normlessness |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of nonverbal cultural meaning |
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Definition
| mutual impact of sociological knowledge and human behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| networks, norms, and social tust that facilitate cooperation |
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Term
| what theory views soceity as a vast network of interconnected parts, each of which contributes to the maintenance and order of the social system as a whole |
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Definition
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Term
| what characterizes the post industrial society |
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Definition
| a soceity that operates around service occupations |
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Term
| Karl Marx identified the chief sourse of conflict that paved the way to a capitalist economy as... |
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Definition
| unequal ownership of economic resources (means of production) during Feudal Europe |
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Term
| which is not assocaited with postmodern theory? |
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Definition
| history has a final destiny |
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Term
| which reserach method would allow a sociology to study the life of restaurant workers with out them knowing who he is? |
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Definition
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Term
| behaviors such as competitiveness and jealousy are related to human instinct |
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Definition
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Term
| The terms "theory" and "hypothesis' basically mean different things |
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Definition
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Term
| In Roger and Me which was discussed in the conversation among the right as the main reason behind the problem in Flint? |
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Definition
| workers reluctance to actively look for new jobs |
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Term
| What is the main idea suggested by article The forest and the Trees |
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Definition
| society is more than the sum total of all individuals |
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Term
| preferred method of reserach on subjects that need tob e quantified |
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Definition
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Term
| when researchers combine two ore more methods in their work its is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| expectation that members of society should politely respond to greetings by others is called |
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Definition
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Term
| ethnocentric is the opposite of |
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Definition
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Term
| in the iranian culture, persian carpets represent Iran's.... |
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Definition
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Term
| expectation to serve turkey on Thanksgiving is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| defining a good life as one that comes with material prosperity represents a |
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Definition
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Term
| the amish way of life represents a |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the first stage of the research process? |
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Definition
| defining the research problem |
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Term
| what represents the impact of cultural globalization on the world culture |
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Definition
| culural similarity is on the rise, but there is also some cutural resistance |
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Term
| what is not an example of manufactured risk |
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Definition
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Term
| for post WWII what type of classification of countries in the world was used |
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Definition
| first world, second world, third world |
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Term
| which of the following is NOT one of the behavior categories taht rational choice theorits consider non-rational behavior |
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Definition
| looking for higherpaying jobs because it benefits ones self |
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Term
| According to the article by Marvin Harris, cows are sacred animals among Hindus. Which sociological perspective of cultura can best explain this cultural pattern? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the preconditions for a causal relationship? |
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Definition
x factor precedes the y factor, correlation, ruling out spuriousness ..... espablishign a hypothesis is NOT |
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Term
| According to C.W. Mills, socilogical imagination article, the main argment is to show the link between |
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Definition
| social strucutres and peoples biography |
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Term
| which follows the meaning of linguistic relativity hypothesis? |
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Definition
| language influences or perceptions of the world.... like this is a tree and when you say tree that is the picture that pops into your head |
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Term
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Definition
| countires are not losing their sovereignty but are making adjustments to new forms of economic and social organiztion introduced by globalization |
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Term
| Sport as religion said.... |
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Definition
| sport had rituals of its own, it is an organized institution, and it is related to "sacred time' and sacred symbols |
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Term
| This is not of the criticisms raised agsint WTO |
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Definition
| it does not advocate free trade (because it does) |
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Term
| Bowling Alone's main agrument is |
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Definition
| there is a decline in traditional community participation |
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Term
| in sociological research do "facts speak for themselves" |
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Definition
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Term
| what sociological reason was discussed as the main reason for closing the plants in Flint by GM |
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Definition
| better investment opportunities in Mexico |
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Term
| preferred method for symbolic interaction |
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Definition
observation symbolic interation is the role of symbols and language as core elements of human interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| folkways that are excepted without question like eating human flesh is NOT allowed |
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Term
| CW Mills says socilogical imagination allows individuals to |
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Definition
| understand how social and historical structure affect the lives of different people in society |
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