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| story regarded as true, morally instructive, sacred, and prophetic |
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| images, numbers, objects, gestures that are pregnant with religious meaning |
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| true practice or ritual. religion as belief rather than ritual, sacramental orientation |
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| true teaching or belief. written scriptures as opposed to oral traditions. scriptures are the literal word of god |
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| refers to a generous attitude toward all religions and a willingness to discuss their common ground |
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| truth, authority, power, and salvation. invisible reality as opposed to visual reality of appearance, illusion, sin. goal is to live in accordance with transcendent reality |
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| transcendent, beyond human comprehension |
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| within the profane realm. traditions differ on whether transcendent is outside of or on the profane realm |
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| "all god" divine is underlying reality of everything, immanent. also called monism |
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| reality is two different principles. spirit and matter make up reality, god and evil. stresses eternal conflict |
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| belief in many gods, immanent |
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| belief in one god, transcendent |
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| philosophical attitude that emphasizes the natural goodness, reasoning power, free will, self sufficiency |
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| methodological agnosticism |
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| neutrality of religious studies toward truth or falsehood of religion |
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| more hostile position. for the purpose of academic inquire, we will assume that god doesn't exist |
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| approaches to defining religion |
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| substantive, functional, and family resemblance |
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| common sense view, belief in god |
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| problems with term "primitive" religion |
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| primitive term criticized for negative connotations of being simple, crude, inferior. belongs in the past |
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| "religion" in oral societies |
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| no word for religion because religion is ubiquitous, present everywhere. no need to define the activity because it does not exist as a distinct dimension of life |
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| indigenous view of nature. nature is a person or is inhabited by many person like beings. power of nature is power of these beings, god as real forces of nature. nature as subject, responds to prayer, ritual |
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| modern scientific view of nature. nature is a machine, governed by physics, therfore intelligable, rational, and predictable. related to as an object, impersonal and amoral, unaffected by rituals, prayers |
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| emerged from 3 previous worlds, from below ground (farmers). eagle led them away from chaos, greed, etc. to the new world |
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| spirits that come in many different forms, i.e. clouds, come from moisture, rain, embodied in rituals, actually attend rituals as people, beings |
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| parallels between human life cycle and the seasonal growth of corn |
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| husk is dead body, spirit becomes Kachina, joins other kachinas. Kachinas like ancestors. growth of corn is like child born from mother earth |
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| hopi theory of artistic inspiration |
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| art is a religious activity, animism: entire world, animals, rocks, etc. made up of spirits. dreams important, spiritual, inspire certain paths |
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| features of modern western culture that the hopis have adopted |
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| english, cars, education, watches, calendar, electricity... |
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| theories of religion and their theorists |
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| American heritage dictionary: belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator or governor of the universe. James Frazer: religion is "a proppitation of conciliation of powers superios to man which are believed to direct and control the universe of nature and of human life." religion answers why, science answers how, in new world religion thought to die off replaced by all sciene. Zinger: a system of beliefs and practices by means of which a group struggles with ultimate problems of human life. expresses refusal to capitulate to death, to give up in the face of frustration, to allow hostility to tear apart their human aspirations. Karl Marx: religion is means by which the cultural elite control, oppress, and exploit the masses. paul tillich: religion is a state of being grasped by an ultimate concern, containing the answer to the question of the meaning of life. Peter Berger: anhropocentrism, religion is audacious attempt to concieve the entire universe as humanly significant. immanuel kant: recognition of all our duties as divine commands. |
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| religion as irreducibly complex |
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| certain things, such as some biological processes thought to be too complex to have evolved from simpler predecessors, and therefore must have come from some intelligent design. not science, but creationism |
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| functional definition (+ problem) |
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| religion is what religion does. religion satisfies the need for explanation. problem: tends to assume hat religion always makes a positive contribution |
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| family resemblance definition (features of all religions) |
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| Abandons the idea that religion has a defining essence, the world religions have many features, at least one feature can be found in every religion. features: higher power, rituals, community bonded together by beliefs. |
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| time is not natural but cultural. judaism, christianity, and islam are religions of linear history. in oral traditions the dominate sense of time is cyclical, more oriented towards seasonal change. |
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| sacred space: universal vs. regional |
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| many religious traditions see themselves as being universally true, true for all people in the world, translocative. oral religions are embedded in specific regions and make no claim on humans outside those regions. myths make reference to local things. places of creations are often local. oral religions have cultural heroes, locative |
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| shamans (career and nature of) |
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| person who specializes in diagnosing and curing illness. may start career with grave illness, or temp. death. in healing rituals shamans do more to themselves than patients. practices induce trance, journey to spirit world. may use drugs. |
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| illness (in oral traditions) |
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| psychoactive plants and fungi (their use and how we should understand them) |
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| gods and spirits (as related to the world and ritual) |
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| ritual style (oral traditions) |
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| challenges of the modern world (4 principle threats) |
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| explorers: enslavement, murder, missionaries: conversion, government: removal from land. four threats: global spread of popular culture, loss of natural environments, loss of traditional languages, conversion to other religions |
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| responses to the modern world |
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| revitalization movements: occur at culture's low point, prophets predict return to old way of life. syncretism: blending of different religious traditions. preservation and revival: self-conscious attempt to preserve and revive indigenous traditions. globalization ironically encouraged preservation. |
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| beliefs and practices of the early vedic traditions |
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Definition
| soma ritual, yoga, burning incense, belief in an afterlife, highley sacrificial rituals (horse sacrifice), reverance of 4 brahmans, many gods |
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| why did many hindus eventually reject the vedic traditions? |
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Definition
| 6th century b.c. people become critical, reject caste system, re-incarnation develops, karma |
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| how does hinduism distinguish itself from buddhism |
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| hindus rejected authority of Buddha. Atman: "self" is eternal and unchangeable, reincarnated, buddhism denies this "self" |
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| critic of devotionism, shunkara did not see god/self as separate entities, worshipping god through devotionism is like worshipping self, monism |
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| karma sutra view of human sexuality |
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| goal, central purpose to recreate, celebration of sexuality within the confines of marriage. art of sexuality, positions, scratching, biting, noise making, aphrodisiacs |
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| how do hindus regard religious statues |
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| shrines in the house, lingam, symbol of shiva, circular shaped stone |
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| muhondas ghandi (religious beliefs) |
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| friendly study of every religion, ecumentical. respect for every religion, non-violent, critical of muslim practice of sacrificing cows, pursuit of religious truth, renamed untouchables "children of god" |
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| "hinduism" problems with terminology |
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Definition
| labels can have negative connotations that obstruct our understanding. no better term has gained wide acceptance. outsiders term, gained currency under British rule. catch-all term for census taking for those religions not christian, muslim, buddhist. wrongly implies unity where there is none, no one identifiable founder, no strong organizational structure, no creed |
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| warrior dominated patriarchal societies originating southeastern Europe. Indus river valley (before 2000 b.c.e.). aaryan's moved into iran and india bringing their religion. they imposed this religion quickly and violently. the vedas were the religious writings of the aaryans |
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| aryan religion characteristics |
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| male centered, god's are males, some of earliest gods in hinduism |
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| god of storms and warfare |
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| god of fire, carried sacrifices up to god |
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| god that causes altered states of consciousness |
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| flourished before 2000b.c. examples of modern day amenities (running water, coined money, writing system). some modern day cultural symbols and practices traced back to this civilization |
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| the Vedas: academic vs. hindu view |
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| knowledge, truth- vedas are the earliest sacred text with songs, hymns, and praise |
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| the earliest hindu scriptures, four sacred texts |
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| 1000 chants to aryan gods |
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| sacrifice veda, incantations, charms, medical lore. provides guidance on attracting lovers, controlling weather, curing diseases |
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| yoga, belief in an afterlife not reincarnation, highly sacrificial rituals. 4 brahmanas (ceremonial rules for vedas named for priests). power of priestly caste, value of vedic sacrifices, belief of many gods as opposed to a single divine reality all questioned in axis age |
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| upanishad: sitting near. open to all castes, not just hereditary priests and elites. experience over ritual sacrifice: fasting, meditation etc. religion of world-rejection vs. world assertion |
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| priests, divine reality underlying world of appearance |
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| priests, divine reality underlying world of appearance |
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| priests, divine reality underlying world of appearance |
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| deepest self that is divine, unchanging, reincarnates |
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| revolt against features of Aryan religion: elitist caste system, priest-centered religion, ritual sacrifice, belief in many distinct gods |
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| determines direction of one's rebirth, implies the notion of moral consequences that are carried along with every act |
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| everyday world of change and suffering leading to rebirth |
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| lifelong goal of hinduism, freeness from attachment, worldly things, end of rebirth |
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| triple form or god: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva |
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| preservation, deals with present, most popular |
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| destruction, represents spiritual ideas and meditation, close second in popularity |
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| Great Mother Devi, appears as kali and durga. durga: awe inspiring, ten arms, destroy evil, halo, crown. kali: dark, fearsome, weapons, dangerous |
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| guides, presence is spiritually beneficial, hindus sit near them, wise, holy, hindus might touch, kiss feet of, look into their eyes |
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| Raja yoga, goal is samadhi, recite mantra, focus on mental image, a god or yantra |
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| mental state in which individual loses the sense of being separate from the rest of the universe |
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| mental state in which individual loses the sense of being separate from the rest of the universe |
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| Jnana, karma, bhahti, hatha, kundala |
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| Jnana, karma, bhahti, hatha, kundala |
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| knowledge yoga, learning and moreover experiencing |
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| action yoga, selfless action our of divine duty not selfish motivations of pleasure, power etc. |
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| bhahti yoga (scotty yoga) |
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| devotion yoga, loving devotion to A god, favor one over others |
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| force yoga, western definition of yoga emphasizing physical movement, stretching, balance. originally to allow for longer periods of meditation |
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| tantric, chakrus existing one on top of other in spine, meditator lifts spiritual energy called kundalini |
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| force yoga, western definition of yoga emphasizing physical movement, stretching, balance. originally to allow for longer periods of meditation |
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| "divine song" written between 200bce and 200ce, most cherished book in hinduism, |
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| krishna offers arjuna religious advice: don't debate the morality of war, perform duty. kill without concerns for "fruits of your actions" to not accumulate negative karma, but be an instrument of karma. advice represents combination of vedic admiration for warrior class and ascetic mindset of detachment from ones desires |
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| goal of life, social and religious duty. mainly as householder, decreasing responsibility as retiree |
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| goal of life, power, householder stage |
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| division of society into social classes determined by birth or occupation |
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| karna, artha, dharma, moksha |
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| animals and dietary habits |
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| a devout hindu does not kill or eat animals, thought to incur bad karma |
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| goal of life, pleasure, householder stage |
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| no harm, nonviolence toward living beings |
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| shankara taught vedanta, which deals with the nature of reality, the "essence of the vedas" especially dealing with the upanishads |
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| karma sutra and human sexuality |
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| only practiced at certain ages, must be married, goal is to procreate while also celebrating sexuality |
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| treatment of religious statues |
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| shrines in the house, lingam-symbol of shiva- circular shaped stone. |
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| student, householder, retiree, renunciate |
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| very mysterious animal but passes a lot of human life qualities, highly praised, mischievious |
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