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| "might makes right" (bully on the playground) |
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| attacking your opponent, instead of his argument |
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| argues a position is false based |
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| argues argument is false by pointing out irrelevant details |
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| must be true becaue you cannot prove it false |
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| populous and emotional appeal |
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| convince by arousing sympathy |
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| citing support of an unqualified expert |
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proof presumes the thing that should be proved
(circular reason) |
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| mistaking attributing causality to something |
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| asking a question that presumes an answer to another unexpressed question |
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| posing a question in such a way that the response is limited to fewer options than are really possible |
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| argues that a position is false because of some detail of it's origin |
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| setting up an argument in such a way that the opposing view is easy to refute |
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introducing some extraneous issue into a discussion to draw attention away from the real issue
(decoy) |
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| the statement does not live up to its own standard |
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| the conclusion does not logically follow from the evidence/argument |
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| Study of the nature, validity, means, and limits of human cognition |
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| Philosophical position that says we PROBABLY cannot have any genuine knowledge |
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view that you should choose to believe what you want to believe.
(Don't let anyone or anything persuade) |
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View that all beliefs arise in historical context. Outside of which they cannot be understood.
(most contemporary form of relativism) |
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| Beliefs are justified by the evidence that supports them |
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| content of proposition that is accepted to |
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Rational investigation of humankind and it's environment.
"Friend of wisdom" |
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If A, its not A.
Everything must either be, or not be |
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If A, then not not A.
Nothing can both be and not be. |
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| Group of propositions in logical sequence that lead to the conclusion the philosopher is trying to support |
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| propostion from which conclusion follows |
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| proposition that follows premise |
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| Relationship between premise and conclusion by which the conclusion can be said to follow the of the premise |
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| Argument where in the premises logically entail the conclusion |
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| Categorical Deductive Syllogism |
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Premises contain hypothetical state.
A>B, B>C, therefore A>C |
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| applies to entire argument |
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X>Y
Not Y
Therefore not X |
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Form of reasoning where the premises support and make PROBABLE the conclusion
(conclusion can be false) |
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| By concluding things similar or analogous in several respects are likely to be similar in other respects |
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| basing conclusion on insignificant or insufficient number of premises. |
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| Not drawing a conclusion as strong as evidence suggests |
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| Leaving out data that is relevant and could not let play |
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| correspondance between content of proposition and reality it describes |
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| view that a belief is justified when it is derived from other justified beliefs |
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| view that is justified when it fits the rest of the beliefs for believer, thus forms a coherent system of beliefs. |
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| view that belief is justified by its sucess to help understand problems or understand your world |
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| view that some, not all knowledge comes from experience |
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| view that all knowledge comes from experience/perception |
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cognitions that precede experience
(usually analytic; knowledge before you experience it) |
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cognition that follows your experience
(always synthetic) |
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| A way to experience ultimat reality |
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| Aristotle Empiricist quote |
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| "At birth, the mind is a blank slate. The immanent forms enable our knowledge of reality." |
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| John Locke Empiricist Quote |
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| We are born "Tabula Rasa" all knowledge is gained from experience |
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| Berkeley Empiricist Quote |
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| We are only justified in believing what our perceptions can verify; therefore we are not justified in believing matter, mind, or causality. |
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| The unexamined life is not worth living |
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| David Hume Epistemology Quote |
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| A wise man therefore proportions his belief to the evidence |
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| Joseph Butler Epistemology Quote |
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| Probability is the guide to life |
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