Term
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Definition
The characteristics to be judged
Environment in which the characteristics appear
Individuals who are making the judgment
OR
Value judgments
Environment
Who is determining and what are the motives
Purpose of the assessment
Tools, instruments, classification system |
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Term
| Survival of the fittest in relation to disability means |
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Definition
Eventually there would be no individuals with defects or disabilities
--actually the opposite, more than ever before |
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Term
| Who/what were Norman and Norma |
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Definition
Life size statues as prototypes for "normal" Americans
Based on measurements of thousands of white 18-25 year olds |
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Term
| How was Martha's Vineyard in the mid-1800s an example of non-disability? |
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Definition
By 1850 1 in 25 were deaf, 1 in 4 in some places
Sign language widespread because of number of deaf people
Sign language not considered an accommodation, just normal
Deaf not disadvantaged or viewed as deviant |
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Term
| What are some of the reasons to categorize disabilities? |
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Definition
Provide benefits and services to those who need them
The agencies from which applicants are allowed to receive services
The settings in which individuals live |
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Term
| What are the four most widely accepted categories of disability? |
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Definition
Physical
Intellectual
Cognitive
Psychiatric |
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Term
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Definition
Longest history of identification
Least amount of prejudice and discrimination
Government benefits first over other categories
Objective, quantifiable, standard lab procedures
Examples include
o Mobility impairments
o Neurological impairments (cerebral palsy, seizure disorders)
o TBIs
o Musculoskeletal conditions (arthritis, muscular dystrophy)
o Sensory loss
o Health disorders |
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Term
| Intellectual Disabilities |
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Definition
Subjective, impressionistic, clinical judgment
Lower than average scores on tests of mental ability/intelligence
Limitations in ability to function in daily life
o Communication, self-care, social situations, school activities
Examples include
o Mental retardation
o Down’s syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
Subjective, impressionistic, clinical judgment
Impair perception, memory, information processing, reasoning, sensory discrimination (auditory and visual), and attention
Examples include
o Learning disabilities (LD)
o Attention deficit disorder
o Traumatic brain injury (TBI) |
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Term
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Definition
Subjective, impressionistic, clinical judgment
Last to receive government funding for services and benefits
DSM-IV
Meds
Organic/biological
Examples include
o Mental illness
o Autism
o Substance abuse |
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Term
| What do people with disabilities have to do to be eligible for services at most public agencies? |
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Definition
Apply for services
Provide evidence of disability according to agency's established criteria
Then be determined eligible or not |
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Term
| What are 6 reasons for more disabilities? |
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Definition
1. Advances in neonatal medicine
2. Advances in emergency medicine and trauma care
3. Aging population
4. Longer life spans of PWDs
5. Liberation and expansion of the definition of disability
6. More accurate counting |
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Term
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Definition
| Disabilities present at birth or shortly thereafter |
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Term
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Definition
The study of hereditary improvements of the human race by controlled selective breeding and, in its extreme form, by the elimination of those with disabilities
• Direct result of statistical analyses of biological traits measured on large samples of people |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal distribution, continuous probability distribution that is often used as a first approximation to describe real valued, random variables that tend to cluster around a single mean value (aka bell curve) |
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Term
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Definition
Concerned with developing “standardized measured of the ‘average’ body”
• Norms then applied to everyone, despite the fact that they were only a table of statistical averages
• In 1945 became Norman and Norma |
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Term
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Definition
Study of causation or origination
Cause of a disease or abnormal condition |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism by which a disease is caused |
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Term
| What 7 purposes do models of disability provide? |
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Definition
1. Answers to what is disability
2. Identify location of the problem (causal attribution) and who is to be held responsible (responsibility attribution)
3. Determine needs
4. Guide the formulation and implementation of policy
5. Determine which academic disciplines study and learn about the experience of disability
6. Shape the self-identity of those with disability
7. Can cause prejudice and discrimination |
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Term
| What are the 4 models of disability? |
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Definition
1. Biomedical model
o Change the individual
2. Environmental model
o Adapt the functions of the individuals
3. Functional model
o Change both the physical and social environments of PWD
4. Sociopolitical model
o Provide civil rights and equal social status factors that define |
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Term
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Definition
Standardized medical procedures to try to fix person or eliminate the disability
Devalues qualities and abilities of individual
Historically – cure or death
Now – treatment over life span
Disability concerns separate from social concerns
Examples
o Ed Roberts (1939-1995)
o FDR |
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Term
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Definition
Belief that the individual’s environment (social and physical) can cause, define, or exaggerate disability
Physical world designed as if all people can walk, hear, see
Examples
o LD
o Men with disabilities in institutions enrolled in war and were later returned to institutions
o Medications can change how PWD functions (i.e. psychiatric) but disability doesn’t change
o Services provide community jobs and supported living
o ADA changed civil rights of PWD |
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Term
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Definition
Functions of individual influence the definition of disability
Emphasis on work and wage earning functions and activities of daily living, which assist PWD to get jobs
Some say this model primarily concerned with earning capacity of PWD
Examples
o Loss of finger for concert pianist
o LD – computers reduce need for human clerical skills and some dyslexics unusual thinking, innovative and creative skills may come in handy
Role functions of society
o Economy shifted from physical labor (farming, mining) to service and information processing
o Physical disability more disabling before and intellectual less → now opposite
o PWD part of community, integrated
Relies on adaptive technology to assist in role function
o Wheel chair (i.e. FDR)
o Refreshable braille display
o Sports wheelchairs
o Functional electronic simulation (FES)
o Cochlear implants, augmentative communication, etc |
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Term
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Definition
AKA
o Minority group model
o Independent living model
Belief that disability is a social concern
o Society causes disability and should bear responsibility for dealing with
Remember medical advances = MORE disabilities
No health insurance, lack of education, poverty = MORE disabilities
IF society created more disabilities, THEN can eliminate/improve
Isolation, lack of opportunities, legalized discrimination are social constructs and not biological or emotional relations to PWD
ADA based on this model |
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Term
| What are some connections with language and attitudes? |
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Definition
Language
o Powerful
o Shapes attitudes
o Communicates attitudes
o Reflects society’s attitudes, history, culture
o Can imply or even determine that a life is not worth living
Consider
o Defective
o Idiot
o Imbecile
o Retard
o Feebleminded
o Grotesque
o Gimp
o Moron
o Invalid |
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Term
| What were several negative outcomes of the way language was used historically to describe groups that were targets of prejudice, discrimination, and reduced opportunity? |
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Definition
1. Was offense and demeaning
2. Set them apart from society; they do not belong
3. Is not a self-identification
4. Lumps all people in the group regardless of individual differences
5. Often describes only one aspect of the person, especially for PWD
6. Reflects reluctance of society to change citing ease of use, freedom of speech |
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Term
| The most important thing to remember about language when discussing people with disabilities is? Why? |
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Definition
Talk to them like a person, not like a disease/disorder
Treat normally, etc |
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Term
| What language/terms should NOT be used to describe people with disabilities? |
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Definition
Person is NOT the condition
o Diabetics, the blind, patients, quadriplegics
If disability not relevant do NOT say
o Dr. Smith, who uses a wheelchair, gave a great lecture
Avoid sensational or emotional words
o Victim, suffers from, afflicted, stricken
o Confined
Refrain from certain words from history
o Handicap
o Special (i.e. special education)
Refrain from euphemisms
o Physically challenged
o Learning different |
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Term
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Definition
Set of guiding assumptions, concepts, and propositions about the nature of phenomena or human experience
• Human-made tools for understanding and human-made guidelines for action |
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Term
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Definition
| Determination of the location of the problem |
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Term
| Responsibility Attribution |
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Definition
| Determination of who is to solve the problem |
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Term
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Definition
Was thought to refer to veterans who returned from war and sat on streets begging with caps in hand
• Game of chance; players put up possession; players and judge put hand in cap
• Later, term moved to horse racing
• Later, term became any contest in which inequalities are artificially evened out (golf)
• Eventually transferred to the ‘disadvantage’ imposed on superior contestants |
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Term
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Definition
Insulting because their use implies that the reality of the disability is negative and unfortunate
• Physically challenged
• Mentally different |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Reasons people thought children had disabilities in Ancient Times |
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Definition
| As a result of God’s wrath, displeasure, and punishment |
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Term
| Problems faced by researchers in creating accurate accounts of disability history |
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Definition
Existing records and publications from the perspective of professionals who controlled the delivery of services
Need more literary and artistic archives
One-sided |
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Term
| Causes of mental illness as believed in Ancient Times and Middle Ages |
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Definition
Demonic possession (primarily)
Poverty
Natural causes |
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Term
| Who introduced medical and philosophical traditions to Greeks and Romans? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Middle Ages, people with disabilities receiving treatment meant what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did the education of the Deaf begin in the 16th century? |
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Definition
Spain
Turkish Ottoman Court |
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Term
| Francis Bacon suggested what four areas of inquiry that would guide psychiatric research for hundreds of years? |
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Definition
1. Studies of mental faculties and the interaction of body and mind
2. Individual case studies
3. Anatomical inquiry and postmortem studies
4. The interaction between society and the individual |
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Term
| 3-5 main events of the 19th century regarding people with disabilities? |
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Definition
Freak Shows
Schools and institutions for persons with disabilities
Development of differential diagnosis, devised treatment interventions, and educational schemes
Medical model accepted |
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Term
| Who did not want to see sign language taught to people who were Deaf? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the most growth in disabilities seen today and expected to be seen in the future? |
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Definition
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Term
| Intellectual disability is the present day term for what used to be _____________ __________________? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 1950s, what two events resulted in the decline in resident populations of state and county psychiatric hospitals? |
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Definition
1. Introduction of anti-psychotic drugs
2. Public commitments to a community treatment approach |
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Term
| Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) |
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Definition
Definition of individual with disability
o Physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities
o History or record of such an impairment
o Perceived by others as having such as impairment
1990
Extended rights and protections under Civil Rights Act to people with disabilities
Title I: Employment
o Employers can’t discriminate against people with disabilities; everyone equal shot
Title II (A): State and Local Government Activities
o Everyone has right to benefit equally from programs, services, activities, etc (i.e. education)
Title II (B): Public Transportation
o Subways, buses, etc accessible for everyone
Title III: Public Accommodations
o Cutouts in sidewalks, ramps, etc
Title IV: Telecommunications Relay Services
o Telephones, televisions accessible (i.e. blind, deaf, etc)
Title V: Miscellaneous |
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Term
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Definition
1988
Prohibits housing discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, disability (including guide dogs), family status, and national origin |
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Term
| National Voter Registration Act |
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Definition
1993
“Motor Voter Act”
Try to increase voting from minorities and people with disabilities |
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Term
| Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) |
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Definition
1975
K-12 (covers until age 22)
All aspects of public schools available for children with disabilities
Free appropriate public education (FAPE)
Least restrictive environment (LRE)
Individualized education plan (IEP)
Due process (parents have right to appeal what they don’t like) |
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Term
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Definition
1973
Section 504
o People with disabilities receive same benefits, not discrimination, inclusion, as others
o No person with a disability excluded from any groups, activities receiving federal financial assistance (i.e. financial aid at CU)
o Basically ADA
Section 508
o Funds to ensure technology is accessible to people with disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
2008
Loosened rules on what categorizes people as someone with disability
Added major bodily functions
o Functions of immune system, normal cell growth, digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system, etc
Took out mitigating measures
o i.e. medication so not disabled
o glasses/contacts are exception
Added disabilities/conditions episodic in nature
o If impacted in only certain environments |
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Term
| How are accommodations determined at DS on CU campus? |
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Definition
DS reviews documentation, application, and requests to determine if student meets the requirements for accommodations set forth by department
Meets with student to discuss and determine appropriate academic accommodations |
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Term
| What disability laws govern postsecondary institutions? |
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Definition
IDEA
Sections 504 & 508 of Rehab Act
ADA |
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Term
| 2 most prevalent disabilities on the CU campus |
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Definition
1. Learning disorders (LD)
2. Attention deficit disorders (ADD) |
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Term
| Examples of accommodations at this university include |
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Definition
People to take notes
Ramps into buildings
Elevators
Etc... |
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Term
| What are 2-4 reasons why Ed Roberts is an important figure in the field of disability? |
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Definition
1. Advocated for civil rights for people with disabilities at protests in San Francisco
2. First student with significant disabilities to attend UC Berkeley where he began advocacy efforts and helped found the campus’ Physically Disabled Students Program
3. Was named Director of the California Department of Rehabilitation
4. Co-founded and became the President of the World Institute on Disability |
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Term
| What was the purpose of the sit-ins by people with disabilities in federal buildings in 1977? Why was this movement successful? |
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Definition
Called for the implementation of regulations which would establish rights for people with disabilities
Demand the equal rights legislations Congress passed 5 years previous to be implemented
Section 504 signed
Successful because
o The deaf people set up a communication system from the 4th floor windows inside the building down to the plaza down below
o The Black Panther Party brought a hot dinner to all 150 participants every single night
o People from community organizing backgrounds taught us how to make collaborative decisions
o Friends came and washed our hair in the janitor’s closet sink
o **Because people viewed each other as invaluable resources working towards a common goal |
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