Term
| what are the stages of the linear model of communication |
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Definition
1. deciding on the message 2. encoding the intended message 3. transmitting "information" 4. receiving the message 5. decoding and interpreting the message |
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Term
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Definition
| a person serving as a source decides on a message to be sent to a receiver to achieve a desired goal |
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Term
| encoding the intended meanings |
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Definition
| the source searches hir or her memory for specific symbols, such as words and gestures, and their associated meaning that can be put together into a pattern that will describe the desired facts, ideas and images. |
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Term
| transmitting the message as information |
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Definition
| the message is transformed by voice or other means into physical information (like sound waves) so that it can overcome distance, and the message moves in this form from sender to receiver |
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Term
| perceiving the information as a message |
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Definition
| the receiver attends to the physical information as it arrives and perceives, that is, identifies, the symbols into which it has been coded. |
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Term
| decoding and interpreting the message |
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Definition
| the receiver searches and compares the incoming symbols with meanings stored in her or his memory and selects those that seem best for interpreting the message. |
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Term
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Definition
any word, number, gesture, object, or other cue (verbal or non verbal) that has associated with it in our "language community" conventional meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
interpretation, response to signs/symbols subjective (open to interpretation), objective(fact) |
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Term
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Definition
occur across the animal kingdom, natural abstract, arbitrary, ambiguous inheretly tied with meaning |
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Term
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Definition
1. process-changes over time. ex. ababab 2. context (situation/setting) ex. environment/activity 3. meaning-interpretation, response to signs/symbols 4. code switching- talk different with certain people |
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Term
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Definition
using a lack of clarity as a stategy in communication ex. interviewing for a job |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| standardized meaning within the relevant culture. accuracy will be high. dictionary meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the personal meanins that an individual uniquly associates wiht a word because of past experience, or as a result of membership in a specific culture. reduces accuracy of communication |
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Term
| how does feedback and role taking effect the linear model? |
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Definition
| adding feedback modifiesthe communication process by making the recievernowa sender and the original sender now a receiver. Role taking modifies the model by making it more interactive. |
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Term
| how is the simultaneous transactions model different from the linear model? |
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Definition
| it involves simultaneous feedback from another source. recognizing that both people are communicators. |
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Term
| simultaneous transactions model |
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Definition
1.encode and decode messages- all individuals act as sources and receivers at the same time 2. engage in role taking and feedback-each person decodes messages and encodes replies 3. are influenced by their prior acts of comm.- what people say and how they respond during a given transaction depend greatly on what was said before. 4. influenced by the physical surroundings within which their transaction takes place 5. influenced by the sociocultural situation within which their comm takes place- almost always part of an ongoing social situation that has behavioral rules 6. influenced by the relationship that exists between them |
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Term
| what is the relationship between convention, referents, symbols, and arbitrary selection? |
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Definition
Symbols, which indicate meaning, are selected arbitrarily (randomly) by the community and are conventionally used (agreed to be used by everyone). The referent is what the symbol refers to, labels, or stands for. Cultural conventions provide rules for linking the symbol, referent, and meaning
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Term
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Definition
| every symbol can be depicted through teh relationship between the symbol, what it labels in reality, and the meaning experience we have for both |
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Term
| components of meaning triangle |
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Definition
| meaning↔cultural convention(symbol arouses meaning)↔symbol or label↔cultural convention(symbol labels referent)↔referent↔cultural convention(referent arouses meaning)↔meaning(repeat) |
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Term
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Definition
| the way a language is organized can bring people to define and experience reality in quite differen ways. |
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Term
| what is the looking-glass self? |
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Definition
Cooley "each to each a looking glass, reflects the other that doth pass" We see reflections and definitions of ourselves in the way that other people react to us. ex. walking into a room and people being happy to see you gives a definition of who you are/how you feel |
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Term
| what are the 4 major ways we use nonverbal communication |
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Definition
1. complement or reinformce the meanings we intend in our verbal messages. ex. jab at the air, roll eyes, shrug shoulders 2. regulate the flow of our ongoing comm transactions with others. ex. turn yeilding by eye contact 3. substitute for words. ex. blowing a kiss, sticking out tounge 4. contradict wht we say. ex. winking after getting mad in public to hint that your not really mad |
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Term
| what is nonverbal communication |
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Definition
| the use of objects, actions, sounds, time, and space so as to arouse meanings in others |
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Term
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Definition
| various kinds of physical objects that we possess. |
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Term
| how can you use artifacts to communicate |
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Definition
| for people who want others to believe that they are physically attractive or have other qualities that people admire, or individuality (ex. hair dyed blue). Typically used to indicate social order. ex. homes, cars, clothing |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of nonverbal signals and other actions that promote physical and psychological closeness with others. ex. smiling, eye contact, tougch, forward leaning |
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Term
| what are the 4 primary purposes of listening |
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Definition
1. acquire needed information 2. evaluate and screen messages-pick and choose what is important to us 3. recreation- ex. music 4. social efficacy-manage relationships, to be a good friend you must be able to listen |
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Term
| what are the inaccurate assumptions about listening? |
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Definition
1. listening is easy-effective listening is a complex activity that requires effort 2. it's just a matter of intelligence 3. listening requires no planning 4. read better, listen better |
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Term
| what are the 5 barriers to effective listening |
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Definition
1. physical conditions- ex. physical noise like airplanes, cars, printers, etc. 2. personal problems-ex. sickness, exhaustion, discomfort, stress 3. cultural differences- ex. management not listening to complaints of workers, dominant groups not understanding minority groups 4. prejudice- letting stereotypes affect how you feel about someone so you dont care what they say 5. connotative meaning- misunderstanding |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of interpersonal communication |
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Definition
1. fully transactional 2. share physical proximity 3. shaped by social roles 4. uniquely irreversible 5. not repreatable |
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Term
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Definition
| two people in a relatively enduring social relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| that pattern of beliefs, meanings, and understandings each individual develops concerning her or his own personal charcteristics, capacities, limitations, and worth as a human being. |
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Term
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Definition
| masks. the selves or images of others that we construct, and that we project upon them as we engage in interpersonal comm |
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Term
| when does interpersonal comm take place |
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Definition
| with two individuals engaging in face to face interaction. |
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Term
| reasons for initiating and maintaining relationships |
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Definition
humans want and need close personal relationships 1. obtain much needed information about ourselves 2. help us solve a long list of problems of everyday living that would be difficult to handle alone 3. costs and benefits-develop relationships with people whose company and behavior are least costly compared to the benefits that they provide for us (1. constructing and maintaining a positive self image, 2. coping with daily problems, 3. maximizing benefits and minimizing cost |
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Term
| what are the characteristics/guidelines of successful small talk |
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Definition
1. be nonverbally immediate(nonverbal immediacy) 2. remember the other persons name 3. draw out the other person (get them to talk about themselves) 4. keep the discussion light(no controversial) 5. accentuate the positive |
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Term
| what is the exchange theory? |
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Definition
| originally developed by George Homans to try to explain all forms of human social interaction. We take a mental inventory to determine the relative rewards and costs that we can potentially derive from a relationship before we commit ourselves to it. Is the relationship worth it? |
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Term
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Definition
| the individuals comm to another that reveals the nature of the individuals past, private thoughts, personal views, or deep feelings. Also, the individuals telling another about beliefs, attitudes, values, accomplishments, status, and other personal and social characteristics |
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Term
| what are the common strategies for separation |
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Definition
1. withdrawal and avoidance 2. ending on a positive tone 3. machiavellianism (manipulation adn deception) 4. open confrontation |
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Term
| how do norms, roles, ranks and controls effect the communication in a group |
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Definition
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Term
| what are tuckmans four stages of group development |
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Definition
1. forming-the stage of initial orientation (rules are tested, norms defined, members take on roles) 2. storming-the stage of emerging conflict(members disagree about power, status, and roles, and a leader emerges) 3. norming-the stage of stabilization (conflict subsides) 4. performing-the stage of task achievement |
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Term
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Definition
| long term processes of communication within which deliberate or unintended and indirect lessons are internalized, enabling the person to become a unique human being, a functioning member of society, and a participant in its eneral and unique cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| a task oriented small group in which diverse views on a topic or issue are discussed among a small group of participants. typically experts or representatives of special interest. sit in a circle, no audience, informal comm, no leader |
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Term
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Definition
| formal and puplic small task oriented group. Unifying them, small group of experts, introduced by a moderator and each makes a speech about the theme, seldom talk with one another |
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Term
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Definition
| teaching format used by Plato. important teaching format in higher education, have regular meetings over a lengthy period of time, a clear organization, and an intellectual leader who coordinates the discussion of the students |
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Term
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Definition
| small group discussion format. combines features of the round table, panel, and symposium. One time event and less formal than the panel, round table, or symposium. brief presentations by a small group whose members are introduced by a chairperson. Audience participation. Favorite format on college campuses because it allows a great deal of participation |
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Term
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Definition
| all goals, policies, and activites of the group are determined solely by the leader, including which members work together. Personal in praise and criticism but tends to remain aloof |
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Term
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Definition
| group members discuss prospective policies and then determine them by vote. Leader provides technical advice on how to proceed when needed, but members are free to divide themselves into work teams for specific tasks. Leader is balnaced and objective in praise and criticism, tries to be like other members, but does not do much work. Takes people where they already want to go |
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Term
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Definition
| laid backand does little to interfere with the choices or activites of members. Lets teh group go whatever way it wishes, even if it leads to mistakes. Little visible authority or power is exercised, does not provide much criticism or reward. Answers members questions and gives advice when asked |
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Term
| why does comm breakdown and groups disorganzie |
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Definition
1.normative confusion-unclear about its communication norms 2. unclear role definitions 3. rank ineffectiveness-failure to gain consensurs about the legitimacy of ranks |
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Term
| what are webers 4 principles of bureaucracy |
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Definition
1. fixed rules 2. division of labor 3. hieracrchy of power and authority 4. universal system of sanctions-workers competence and performance should be the deciding factor as to whether they are promoted, demoted, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| viewed workers as resources to be used, along with machienery. military like. orders given and not to be quesitoned. Webber-"rationality". Formula for wages-wages set based on number of workers and need. Used wage incentive systems. Organization chart-Fayol.. shows chain of authority |
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Term
| human relations perspective |
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Definition
| personal and social characteristics of worksers as individual human beings. Shift from the scientific management to the illumination experiements. More lighting in workplace. tried to motivate and increase morale |
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Term
| human resources perspectives |
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Definition
| used in Japan. Taught by American W. Edwards Deming. Produce goods at maximum quality. Management theory based on the belief that bonds of loyalty and attitudes of dedication to work can be created among employees by selective patterns of management worker comm. Promoted based on seniority |
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Term
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Definition
the discovery of the importance of informal communication within the larger organization ex. illumination experiement |
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Term
what are the communication myths |
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Definition
1.Communication has no cost
2.“More and better” communication can solve all problems
3. Clarity is the ultimate goal
4. Meaning is located in words
5. Communication = public speaking/simple
6. Communication is spelled with an “s” |
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Term
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Definition
Communication is a transactional process where humans use symbols to generate meaning
1.Process-happens over time ababab
2.Transactional-reading nornverbals
3.Symbolic-manipulate symbols to convey meaning |
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Term
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Definition
1. Communication during conflict
2. Social diffusion of influence about PSAs
3. Automated deception detection
4. Network analysis and terrorism
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