Term
| 3 important qualities of a scientific throry |
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Definition
1)explain past and present
2)predict future
3)better explain observations that alternative theories |
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Term
| When is a chi square test applied |
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Definition
| when a categorical data set is compared to a categorical one. |
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Term
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Definition
| when continuous is plotted agains categorical. also a box plot test |
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Term
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Definition
1tells us how the system behave in the absence or presence of variable interest
2before and after comparisons may lead to confounding effects
3 does not necessarly mean no treatment |
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Term
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Definition
descent from common ancestor
geneticaly inherited traits
all life from common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| shared traits or structures among related organisms |
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Term
| Leclercs contribution to evolution |
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Definition
earth is older then bible
specie can change over time |
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Term
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Definition
extinction
fossils different from living forms |
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Term
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Definition
| direct inherited traits from parents |
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Term
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Definition
| natural theology, little room for evolution. gods handywork |
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Term
| what is natural selection |
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Definition
a- mechanism for evolution
natural selection acts on individuals and evolution is expressed in populations b/w generations
- no intention of creating more adapted species, is is a consequence of combination between heritable variation and differences in reproduction among individuals
organism arent trying to adapt. they have it or dont
non random and not a progressive process
does not select the fittest, but fit enough to reproduce |
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Term
| what are darwins 4 postulates |
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Definition
1-variation exists within populations
2-some variation is heritable
3-more offsprings are produced than can survive
4-survival and reproduction of individual is not random with regards to variation |
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Term
| compare micro and macro evolution |
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Definition
micro- changes within a population and species
macro- changes at higher level, species, genus, family and order |
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Term
| phenotype and its variation |
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Definition
| difference in measurable traits (appearance, behaviour, physiology) |
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Term
| compare fitness with adaptation |
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Definition
fitness- a genotypes success at reproducing
adaptation- a heritable trait that increases fitness |
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Term
| what are the modes of selection and their characteristics |
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Definition
directional-selection pressures cause phenotypes to go in one way(larger beaks
disruptive- targets moderate traits and cause traits to go to both extremes
stabilizing |
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Term
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Definition
a variation on the same gene.
ie GA or Ga |
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Term
| what is a modern defintion of evolution |
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Definition
| change in allele frequency between generations |
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Term
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Definition
change in DNA
create new alleles and genes
ultimate source of variation for selection to act upon |
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Term
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Definition
DNA fails to copy accurately
external influences-reparation after DNA breakdown |
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Term
| how does sexual reproduction work |
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Definition
| male and female gamete are all different due to the recombination and crossing over during meosis |
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Term
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Definition
| migration bringing in new alleles and genes to a population |
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Term
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Definition
when a recessive allele is comom, most copies are in homozygotes
when a recessive allele is rare, most coppie in the population are in the heterozygotes
heterozygotes have higher fitness |
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Term
| what is a selctively neutral allele |
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Definition
| alleles that produce different phenotypes that fuction equally well, do not produce and fitness differences between individuals. |
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Term
| what are the agents of micro evolution |
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Definition
| selection, gene flow, mutation, genetic drift |
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Term
| how does drift relate to adaptations? |
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Definition
genetic drift involves random survival and reproduction
does not produce adaptations
some adaptations may have evolved solely to drift |
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Term
| what effect does genotype have on the phenotype |
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Definition
| selection acts on the phenotype which is determined by the genotype, this has an effect on selection on the genotype with changes in allele frequency |
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Term
| link agents with of microevolution and their outcomes |
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Definition
selection-produces adaptation
gene flow- produces variance
mutation- produces variance
genetic drift- limits varation and adaptions |
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Term
| what are the assumptions and conclusions for the Hardy Weinberg Principle? |
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Definition
no mutation
no drift
no gene flow
no natural or sexual selection
1- the frequency of an allele in a population will not change between generations
3-genotype frequencies are given by psq+2pq+qsq=1 |
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Term
| what is the theory of male sexual selection |
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Definition
gametes are small and energeticaly cheap
fitness limited by the number of eggs that can be fertilized
want lots of mates for their cheap gametes |
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Term
| what is the females theory of sexual selection |
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Definition
gametes are large and expensive
fitness limiteed by the amount of time and resource that can be allocated to each offspring
want good genes for their time and effort |
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Term
| what is the difference between intra and intersexual selection |
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Definition
intra-males compete or not for females and this will have effect on some phenotype, larger if male compete physicaly
inter-females choice based on phenotype preference, longer tail etc |
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Term
| sexual selection vs natural selection |
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Definition
sexual selection is based on traits that are used in mate choice
-traits that are advantageous in sexual selection may be disadvantageous in natural selection |
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Term
| what are prezygotic mechanisms |
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Definition
ecological isolation
temporal isolation
behavioural isolation(lack of communication)
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation(non matching gamete receptors |
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Term
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Definition
hybrid inviability-offspring do not complete developement
sterility-offspring cannot produce gametes
breakdown-offspring have reduced survival or fertility |
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Term
| describe allopatric speciation |
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Definition
| speciation derived usualy by a georaphical separation by a natural barrier or migration |
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Term
| what is parapatric speciation |
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Definition
| speciation that occurs in a same area but with differing environment. ie a swamp and forest on an island |
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Term
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Definition
| speciation that is a result of speciation from an ancestor due to genetic polymorphism |
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Term
| what are the issues with antibiotics |
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Definition
bacteria evolve faster than we do
bacteria can exchange genes
antibiotics lead to the evolution to more genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a pathogen negatively affect its host |
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