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| The idea that a population changes as individuals with certain traits leave more offspring than others. How it works > the individuals of a population who have ideal traits survive to have more offspring, making those traits more common in the population as a whole. Also makes the genes of the successful organism more prevalent in the gene pool of that population. |
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| An increase in frequency of traits suited to environment in a particular population. |
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| A change in the genetic composition of a population over time; all of biological history. |
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| Imprint or remnants of an organism that lived in the past. |
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| The chronology of fossils in sedimentary rock layers which shows when different organisms appeared in time. It shows how different classes of animals evolved and how animals are connected to each other. |
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| The study of the geographic distribution of a species. This allows how animals evolved to fit their environment and what happened when they were isolated from other species. |
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| A comparison of body structures between different species, which shows connections between species and highlights their common ancestors. |
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| Similarity due to common ancestors. |
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| Structures passed down from common ancestors that no longer have any use (Ex. appendix). |
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| Comparing the structures that appear during the development of different organisms. This is an even clearer way to see connections between species left by common ancestors. |
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| Use of DNA and proteins to find connections between species that show a common ancestor between the species. Shows connection between genetics and natural selection > natural selection changes the genotypes of organisms in order to make their phenotypes more suited to the environment |
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| The fusion of genetics and evolutionary biology. |
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| A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time. The smallest unit that evolve on its own. |
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| A field in science that emphasizes the genetic variation within populations and tracks genetic makeup of populations over time. |
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| A form of a phenotypic feature (hair color, height) |
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| When a population has two or more morphs that show up noticeably. |
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| A formula for calculating the frequencies of genotypes in a population's gene pool. "p" is the relative frequency of dominant alleles and "q" is the frequency of recessive alleles. |
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| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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| Genetic equilibrium in a nonevolving population, where the gene pool does not change. |
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| Evolution on a small scale. |
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| A change in the gene pool of small population by chance, caused either by the bottleneck or founder effect. |
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| The drastic reduction in population size caused by a disaster which causes genetic drift. |
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| Genetic drift in a new colony which is in an isolated area. |
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| Gaining or losing alleles by genetic exchange with another population. |
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| A change in an organism's DNA. |
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| The contribution of an individual to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals (based on ability to produce offspring). |
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| A type of natural selection that moves curve of population in favor of one extreme phenotype (skin color > very dark OR very pale). |
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| A type of natural selection that selects two contrasting phenotypes (skin color > very dark AND very pale). |
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| A type of natural selection that maintains variation within a narrow range (skin color > small range of medium tones) |
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| The study of health problems in an evolutionary context. |
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| Major biological changes shown in the fossil record > multiplication of species, origin of evolutionary novelty, explosive diversification, and mass extinctions. |
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| When a population changes so much because of a changing environment that it is no longer the same species. |
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| When one or more species branch from a parent species, which continues to exist. |
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| Biological species concept |
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| The idea that a species is a group of interbreeding natural populations that is reproductively isolated from other species |
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| Barriers that impede mating between species or hinder fertilization of eggs. These include mechanical isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, habitat/environment isolation, and gametic isolation. |
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| Mechanisms that operate should interspecies mating occurs and forms hybrid zygotes. Include hybrid inviability (hybrid doesn't develop properly, doesn't survive until adulthood) and hybrid sterility. |
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| When a block in gene flow caused by a geographic barrier that physically isolates the splinter population. |
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| Origin of new species without geographic isolation and becomes reproductively isolated in the midst of the parent species, more likely in plants, usually caused by an error in cell division which makes a plant polyploid. |
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| A model of speciation in which a new species gradually forms as it adapts to its environment. |
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| A model of speciation created to explain nongradual appearance of species > long periods of little/no change (equilibrium), punctuated by episodes of speciation. |
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| A structure that evolves in one context and becomes adapted for other functions. |
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| Retention of juvenile features in an adult organism, shows how development can affect evolution. |
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| Reflects the consistent sequences of geologic periods marked by mass evolution/extinction. |
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| Common method of dating fossils that is based on the decay of radioactive isotopes. |
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| The study of biological diversity. |
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| The identification, naming, and classification of species. |
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| A species two-part name > made of genus and species. |
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| Species > Genus > Family > Order > Class > Phylum > Kingdom > Domain |
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| The evolutionary history of species, represented by their classifications. Shown in a phylogenic tree. |
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| When structures from different evolutionary branches evolve to be similar/have similar functions. |
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| Similarity caused by convergent evolution. |
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| A scientific search for the individual branches of the evolutionary tree, based on the evolutionary innovations that create branching points in evolution > makes it possible to classify species based on phylogeny. |
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| Wrote The Origin of Species > establishes idea of evolution with natural selections as its mechanism. |
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| Created a theory of evolution that exactly matched Darwin's; it was his threat to publish his theory that forced Darwin to publish the Origin of Species. |
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| Geologist who wrote about Earth's ever changing geology (erosion, earthquakes, mountain building) > made sense to Darwin and help support his theories. |
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| Naturalist who proposed the idea of evolution but had wrong idea about the mechanism for evolution; said that evolution happened when an organism used or didn't use a particular body part and passed the acquired trait on to offspring > not possible. |
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| Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic |
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| Events during the Precambrian era |
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Earth forms.
First organisms develop > prokaryotes, algae, and invertebrate eukaryotes. |
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| Events during the Paleozoic era |
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Modern plants and some animals (reptiles, amphibians, insects) develop.
Pangea forms |
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| Events during the Mesozoic era |
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Dinosaurs are dominate
Pangea breaks up |
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| Events during Cenozoic era |
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Dinosaurs become extinct
Mammals become dominant and primates begin to develop
Modern era |
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| They are prokaryotes and they are 3,500 million years old. |
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