French naturalist published hypothesis:

organisms strive to improve self and become more advanced

UseDisuse Theory

to make geological studies to locate minerals for mining;  he was also the ships naturalist

while he was there he observed plants, animals and fossils and their differences between islands

finches with different beaks

tortoises with different shells based don what island they were on

observed that human population was growing so fast that the supply of resources would not be able to support the population

Darwin: there's alwasy competion for space, food and matees.  Those that "win" will survuve and reproduce

select animals with the best traits to get the desired animal

Darwin: if this happens in artifical selection, why not natural (just more slowly)

there's a variety within a population, some traits are an advantage ti have, more young are created than can survive, survivors reproduce and their kids have advantageous traits, over a long time- population changes

did not publish the Origin of Species until 1859

mathematical model to chow change in gene frequencies within a population, over time

p+q=1

p^2+q^2+2pq=1

p=dominant q=recessive

when population isn't changing, and genotypes remain the same throughout generations

Population must be

1. extremely large

2. isloated from other populations

3. without net mutations

4. without sexual selection (random mating)

5. without natural selection

from the latin word meaning kind or appearance

a population or group of populations who have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

can't make fertilization happen:

habitat isloation, temporal isolation(breed at different times), behavorial isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

hybrid can't develop into viable, fertile adult

reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

allo=other patra=homeland

gene flow interupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

"same country"

Animals: switching habitat, food source, other resource used by parents and not hybrids or vice versa

Plants: when 2 species interbreed and produce a hybrid which goes into asexual reproduction which can lead to mutations that make them fertile with other hybrids amd not the parent

isalnd made from volcanic eruptions

fewer species than continental, no native mammals except bats, no amphibians, many endemic species

similarity in function but different structure: wings of insects or wings of birds

used to show evolution of ancestrs adapting to a similar enviroment

structures of marginal, if any, importance

historical remnants of strucutres that were important to ancestors, represent changes in an organism's embryonic development brought about by natural selection

ontogeny and phylogeny "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"= development of an individual is a replay of its evolutionary history

similarities in embryonic development suggests evolution from a common ancestor- in order to have certain structures un the womb they have to have the genes to do so

similariites in proteins- degree of similarity among amino acid sequence corresponds to relatedness

evolutionary relationships between humans and 5 other vertabrates based on hemoglobin comparisons shown in chart below-similarities in rRNA, noncoding sequences