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What is the process of deducing the macroevolution of something?
What are the two sects of macroevolution? |
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Definition
developmental, anatomical, paleontological and phylogenetic info is used to reconstruct the evolution of major structures (like legs/wings)
speciation and systematics |
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Definition
| The generation of species |
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define macroevolution (broad def)
ex. |
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Definition
changes in species/specied specific traits
ex. modification of a forelimb to a wing |
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Definition
| descent with modification |
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Definition
| analysis of the interrelationships of species and species groups. studying geneological realtions. |
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Term
describe the outcome of this scenario and why it is as it is:
a population of bugs live in natural habitat where about 25% of the bugs are naturally resistant to pesticide. Then the whole pop is exposed to pesticide. |
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Definition
| The 75% of bugs that are non resistant die off leaving only the resistant bugs to reproduce. This results in a new population that is primarily pesticide resistance. This is because by introducing the pesticide we induced natural selection to change the populations allele frequency where the allele that is for resistance is now more common. |
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| what type of evolution is the bug/pesticide example? |
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Definition
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| what do evo biologists try to explain? |
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Definition
1. diversity of orgs (how we got so many species)
2. adaptations (how NS brings about adaptations) |
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| what are the best estimates of how many species there are? how many are described to date? |
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Definition
est between 2-100 million
10 million is best guess
1.4 million are described. |
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Definition
Human anatomy
body fluid flow |
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| ex. what types of adaptations came about to allow a gecko to remain camoflauged on tree bark? |
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Definition
1. pigmentation
2. behavior (has to have adapted to sit so still. fidgity geckos would have never survived)
3. morphology: its skin and bone structure should be bark-like |
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| what are some examples of things that drive adaptation? |
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Definition
| evironment (climate), predation, sexual seleciton, food source etc etc |
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| how is udnerstanding evolution crucial to understanding the development of drug resistance? |
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Definition
| like the example of the bugs and pesticide resistance, drugs that target bacteria have the same problem. When a population is struck with a disease there are variations of that disease. A few are (by random genetic mutation) resistant to some drug X. When that pop is exposed to drug X all the non-resistant forms of the disease are killed. The disease subsides for a while but the few drug X-resistant forms are still alive and reproducing. This creates a new strain of the drug that is now primarily drug X resistant. Then we start looking for a new drug Y and before you know it the whole thing repeats itself. |
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Definition
designed screw
archemede principle: fluid displacement
archimedes triangle: squaring a parabola |
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| reminder of how DNA is expressed |
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Definition
DNA transcribed into mRNA
mRNA goes out of nuclear envelope
mRNA translated into proteins using ribosomes |
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Definition
| geneology of species/species grps |
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Definition
| changes in allele freq. through time in one population. often studied in real time. |
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| what are the processes responsible for the genetic change in microevolution |
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Definition
genetic drift: random evolution
natural selection: non random evolution |
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astronomy
solar system bodies do NOT revolve around the earth |
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| anatomy/physiologist who worked off vesaslius' work |
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cell studies
cell=basis of life |
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Definition
renaissance man
did it all: math, engineering, philo, inventor, anatomy, paint, sculptor, botanist, music, writing |
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| during the scientific rev/rennaissance was the the major existential thought? |
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Definition
| even though science was advancing by leaps and bounds, the time was still dominated by the catholic church and divine, supernatural explanations. |
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natural theology
who was the main guy? what did he do? |
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Definition
theological explanations of natural phenomena.
J. Ray. promoted scientific empiricism (quantitative thinking). wrote historia plantarum which coined the word SPECIES |
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Definition
watchmaker analogy.
still used today by creationist.
"watches are too complicated to have been made without someone thinking and planning it first." this was an analogy to the complexity of life. he thought someone HAD to have made life b/c its too complicated to have arised randomly. |
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| sweedish botanist. described plants in systema naturae. catogorized kingdoms into (animal plant mineral). named 1000s of animal and plant species and got rid of the linearity of aristotles ladder. used the tree model but still considered his work and addenum to aristotles. |
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| how did Linnaeus' work apply to theological thought? |
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Definition
| he believed that if we study the things that God made (life on earth) we can begin to understand them and thus begin to understand God. |
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| Who began the evolutionary view of biological diversity? |
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| what did lamarck publish? |
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Definition
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| what are the two components of lamarkian evolution? |
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Definition
1. spontaneous generation: orgs are spontaneously created from inanimate matter. (ex. magots arise from decaying material)
2. transformation: orgs are modified by an "internal force" over time that is switched on depending on environmental condiditons |
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Term
| how does the lamarckian theory of transformation work? |
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Definition
| certain fossil taxa (species) are transformed by an internal force in order to adjust to environment. This results in a new extant form of the original taxa. So...nothing is every extinct...just modified to something new. brand new species, unrelated to any previous things, arise from spontaneous generation |
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Term
| who believed spontaneous generation of life? who discredited it? |
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Definition
lamarck was all about it. but his ideas probably were inspired by aristotles thoughts.
louis pasteur discredited this experimentally. |
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| according to lamarck, how do we determine what the most complex organizms are? |
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Definition
complexity naturally arises from time.
so, earlier a species was spontaneously generated, the more time it has had to develop and thus the more complicated it is. |
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| accord to lamarck, what are the mechanisms of adaptation/transformation? |
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Definition
1. use/disuse of a character: environmental change causes a structure to be used more or less. this structure changes accordingly
2. inheritance: the changed structure is passed to the next generation |
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used to describe lamarckian inheritance
change of a species occurs within the lifetime of an individual...or between generations |
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Definition
charles d's gpa
published poetry that had evolutionary tones
believed in change
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| conceptiualization of biological diversity |
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Definition
2 theories used to describe the differences in life as we know it (trees vs ppl vs algae)
1. static: spp. created w/out change. began w/aristotles views of ladder. accepted until 19th century
2. evolutionary: spp. change over time. heretical until it gained favor in late 1800s |
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