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Inherited traits that enhance an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its particular environment
Example: Blue-footed booby on galapagos islands
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-Born in England, 1809
-Started off as a medical student to follow in father's footsteps; didn't like the inhumanity of surgery (pre-anesthetic), so switched to studying as a minister.
-Final career: as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle
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| Charles Darwin: What did he do? |
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Definition
-Traveled overseas; most known is journey to Galapagos Islands
-studied a variety of galapagos turtles, finches, and iguanas. He also studied types of plants.
-Travels framed his theory of natural selection |
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| Theory of Natural Selection |
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Definition
-Proposed by Charles Darwin
-"Survival of the Fittest": those w/ advantageous variations are more "fit", "fit" genes get passed to next generation.
-Organisms w/ less variation are more endangered
-Natural selection results in inherited characteristics of a population, which increase a species fitness over time |
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| Jean Lamarck: who and what? |
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Definition
-One of first scientists to states that living organisms change over time.
-Developed the Theory of Acquired characteristics (Theory proven INCORRECT.) |
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| Theory of Acquired Characteristics |
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Definition
-Theory proposed by Jean Lamarck
-Stated that organisms can gain and lose structures when needed and not needed during lifetime.
-If species/organism NEED the structure, they will pass it down generations.
EX: Giraffe is born with small neck, then gains long neck over lifetime. Offspring of that giraffe is then born with a long neck. [INCORRECT] |
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| Hutton & Lyell: Who & What? |
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Definition
-Scientists that interested/influenced Darwin
-HUTTON: Earth & life on it was much different millions of yrs ago.
-Geological forces shaped the Earth; Earth is changed by gradual processes.
LYELL: -Wrote "The Principles of Geology", which Darwin read prior to HMS Bealge venture
-Scientists have an obligation to explain events based on scientific observations and testable hypotheses.
-Earth's processes shaped the Earth |
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Definition
| -If human pop. continued to grow, food/water/space shortages |
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-In 1850s, had ideas of evolution almost identical to Darwin.
-Pushed Darwin to publish findings |
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-Breeding certain advantageous or desired genes
-Ex.: Dog breeding |
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Definition
-Strongly support theory of evolution
-Age of fossils determined by radioactive dating
-Fossil record reveals evolution in historical sequence |
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| Looking at organisms and examining diversity of life at that particular time |
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| period of extinction of some organisms in different regions at different times |
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| Huge numbers of species all become extinct around the same time |
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Definition
type of evolution whereby organisms not related evolutionarily become similar.
EX. sharks, whales & penguins. |
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| evolution of new species occurs when mass extinctions or colonization provide organisms with new environments |
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-Comparison of early stage of development in different organisms
-Vertebrates have similar embryonic structures |
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| homologous structures/organs |
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Definition
| Features that often have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry |
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Definition
-A change in the gene pool of a pop. due to chance
-Can alter allele frequencies and diversity in a pop. |
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| Bottleneck/Founder effect |
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Definition
-Caused by genetic drift
-random change in gene pool that affects population |
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Definition
Selection favors intermediate phenotypes
[image] |
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Definition
Acts against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes and selects for the other phenotypic extreme.
[image] |
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Definition
Favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range
[image] |
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Equations used to determine whether or not a population in in equlibrium.
EQUATION 1: p+q=1 -->calculates freq. of genes in population.
p=freq. of dominant GENE
q=freq. of recessive GENE
EQUATION 2: p(squared)+ 2pq + q(squared)=1
p(squared)=homozygous dominant TRAIT
q(squared)=homozygous recessive TRAIT
2pq=freq. of heterozygous TRAIT |
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Definition
| New species evolve by the gradual accumulation of changes brought about by natural selection |
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| Species change the most as they arise from an ancestral species, then change relatively little for the rest of their existence. |
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Definition
organisms that evolve in response to each other.
EX: flowers and bees |
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populations separated by geographic isolation that become separate species
EX: different species of squirrels on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon |
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Definition
Evolution due to mutations during cell division
-Rarer form of evolution; most commonly found in plants |
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Definition
| Generates variation by shuffling alleles during meiosis |
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| a group of populations whose individuals can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
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